Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
上传时间： 2014-03-25
上传用户：yyyyyyyyyy
This white paper discusses how market trends, the need for increased productivity, and new legislation have accelerated the use of safety systems in industrial machinery. This TÜV-qualified FPGA design methodology is changing the paradigms of safety designs and will greatly reduce development effort, system complexity, and time to market. This allows FPGA users to design their own customized safety controllers and provides a significant competitive advantage over traditional microcontroller or ASIC-based designs. Introduction The basic motivation of deploying functional safety systems is to ensure safe operation as well as safe behavior in cases of failure. Examples of functional safety systems include train brakes, proximity sensors for hazardous areas around machines such as fast-moving robots, and distributed control systems in process automation equipment such as those used in petrochemical plants. The International Electrotechnical Commission’s standard, IEC 61508: “Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems,” is understood as the standard for designing safety systems for electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic (E/E/PE) equipment. This standard was developed in the mid-1980s and has been revised several times to cover the technical advances in various industries. In addition, derivative standards have been developed for specific markets and applications that prescribe the particular requirements on functional safety systems in these industry applications. Example applications include process automation (IEC 61511), machine automation (IEC 62061), transportation (railway EN 50128), medical (IEC 62304), automotive (ISO 26262), power generation, distribution, and transportation. 图Figure 1. Local Safety System
上传时间： 2013-11-14
上传用户：zoudejile
Abstract: This application note discusses the development and deployment of 3G cellular femtocell base stations. The technicalchallenges for last-mile residential connectivity and adding system capacity in dense urban environments are discussed, with 3Gfemtocell base stations as a cost-effective solution. Maxim's 3GPP TS25.104-compliant transceiver solution is presented along withcomplete radio reference designs such as RD2550. For more information on the RD2550, see reference design 5364, "FemtocellRadio Reference Designs Using the MAX2550–MAX2553 Transceivers."
标签： Base-Station Applications Single-Chip Transceiver
上传时间： 2013-11-05
上传用户：超凡大师
三菱FX-PLC 的通讯协议参考(含有源码):三菱FX 系列PLC 专用协议通信指令一览FX 系列PLC 专用协议通信指令一览以下将详细列出PLC 专用协议通信的指令指令 注释BR 以1 点为单位，读出位元件的状态WR 以16 点为单位，读出位元件的状态，或以1 字为单位读出字元件的值BW 以1 点为单位，写入位元件的状态WW 以16 点为单位，写入位元件的状态或以1 字为单位写入值到字元件BT 以1 点为单位，SET/RESET 位元件WT 以16 点为单位，SET/RESET 位元件，或写入值到字元件RR 控制PLC 运行RUNRS 控制PLC 停止STOPPC 读出PLC 设备类型TT 连接测试注：位元件包括X,Y,M,S 以及T,C 的线圈等字元件包括D,T,C,KnX,KnY,KnM 等。
上传时间： 2015-01-02
上传用户：gdgzhym
特点： 精确度0.05%满刻度±1位數 可量测交直流电流/交直流电压/电位计/Pt-100/热电偶/荷重元/电阻等信号 热电偶SENSOR输入种类J/K/T/E/R/S/B可任意规划 显示范围-19999-99999可任意规划 小数点可任意规划 尺寸小，稳定性高 CE认证
上传时间： 2013-10-31
上传用户：wsq921779565
TheTool is highy customizable map editor(based on QT) which can be extended via LUA scripts. A first implentation is ready and can be published to the public. The editor is the perfect tool who wants to design some 3d games but don t have time to write
标签： customizable extended TheTool scripts
上传时间： 2013-12-12
上传用户：lanwei
项目描述: SQLite is a small C library that implements a self-contained, embeddable, zero-configuration SQL database engine. Features include
标签： zero-configuration self-contained implements embeddable
上传时间： 2013-11-26
上传用户：啊飒飒大师的
This Unix C code monitors a web server every few minutes by trying to retrieve its home page. It sends you email when it can t connect, and every so often while the server is still down. It sends a final message when it comes back up. If you have email paging, just direct the email to your pager address.
标签： monitors retrieve minutes server
上传时间： 2015-01-11
上传用户：pompey
ADO.NET in a Nutshell is the most complete and concise source of ADO.NET information available. Besides being a valuable reference, this book covers a variety of issues that programmers face when developing web applications or web services that rely on database access. Most examples use Microsoft s C# language. The book s CD includes an add-in to integrate the reference with Visual Studio .NET help files.
标签： information ADO NET available
上传时间： 2015-01-11
上传用户：nanfeicui
Library of C functions that allows a program to use WinSock 2 functionality if it is available or fall back to WinSock 1.1 if it isn t.
标签： functionality functions available Library
上传时间： 2015-01-18
上传用户：LIKE
