PCB 被动组件的隐藏特性解析 传统上,EMC一直被视为「黑色魔术(black magic)」。其实,EMC是可以藉由数学公式来理解的。不过,纵使有数学分析方法可以利用,但那些数学方程式对实际的EMC电路设计而言,仍然太过复杂了。幸运的是,在大多数的实务工作中,工程师并不需要完全理解那些复杂的数学公式和存在于EMC规范中的学理依据,只要藉由简单的数学模型,就能够明白要如何达到EMC的要求。本文藉由简单的数学公式和电磁理论,来说明在印刷电路板(PCB)上被动组件(passivecomponent)的隐藏行为和特性,这些都是工程师想让所设计的电子产品通过EMC标准时,事先所必须具备的基本知识。导线和PCB走线导线(wire)、走线(trace)、固定架……等看似不起眼的组件,却经常成为射频能量的最佳发射器(亦即,EMI的来源)。每一种组件都具有电感,这包含硅芯片的焊线(bond wire)、以及电阻、电容、电感的接脚。每根导线或走线都包含有隐藏的寄生电容和电感。这些寄生性组件会影响导线的阻抗大小,而且对频率很敏感。依据LC 的值(决定自共振频率)和PCB走线的长度,在某组件和PCB走线之间,可以产生自共振(self-resonance),因此,形成一根有效率的辐射天线。在低频时,导线大致上只具有电阻的特性。但在高频时,导线就具有电感的特性。因为变成高频后,会造成阻抗大小的变化,进而改变导线或PCB 走线与接地之间的EMC 设计,这时必需使用接地面(ground plane)和接地网格(ground grid)。导线和PCB 走线的最主要差别只在于,导线是圆形的,走线是长方形的。导线或走线的阻抗包含电阻R和感抗XL = 2πfL,在高频时,此阻抗定义为Z = R + j XL j2πfL,没有容抗Xc = 1/2πfC存在。频率高于100 kHz以上时,感抗大于电阻,此时导线或走线不再是低电阻的连接线,而是电感。一般而言,在音频以上工作的导线或走线应该视为电感,不能再看成电阻,而且可以是射频天线。
上传时间: 2013-11-16
上传用户:极客
PCB LAYOUT 術語解釋(TERMS)1. COMPONENT SIDE(零件面、正面)︰大多數零件放置之面。2. SOLDER SIDE(焊錫面、反面)。3. SOLDER MASK(止焊膜面)︰通常指Solder Mask Open 之意。4. TOP PAD︰在零件面上所設計之零件腳PAD,不管是否鑽孔、電鍍。5. BOTTOM PAD:在銲錫面上所設計之零件腳PAD,不管是否鑽孔、電鍍。6. POSITIVE LAYER:單、雙層板之各層線路;多層板之上、下兩層線路及內層走線皆屬之。7. NEGATIVE LAYER:通常指多層板之電源層。8. INNER PAD:多層板之POSITIVE LAYER 內層PAD。9. ANTI-PAD:多層板之NEGATIVE LAYER 上所使用之絕緣範圍,不與零件腳相接。10. THERMAL PAD:多層板內NEGATIVE LAYER 上必須零件腳時所使用之PAD,一般稱為散熱孔或導通孔。11. PAD (銲墊):除了SMD PAD 外,其他PAD 之TOP PAD、BOTTOM PAD 及INNER PAD 之形狀大小皆應相同。12. Moat : 不同信號的 Power& GND plane 之間的分隔線13. Grid : 佈線時的走線格點2. Test Point : ATE 測試點供工廠ICT 測試治具使用ICT 測試點 LAYOUT 注意事項:PCB 的每條TRACE 都要有一個作為測試用之TEST PAD(測試點),其原則如下:1. 一般測試點大小均為30-35mil,元件分布較密時,測試點最小可至30mil.測試點與元件PAD 的距離最小為40mil。2. 測試點與測試點間的間距最小為50-75mil,一般使用75mil。密度高時可使用50mil,3. 測試點必須均勻分佈於PCB 上,避免測試時造成板面受力不均。4. 多層板必須透過貫穿孔(VIA)將測試點留於錫爐著錫面上(Solder Side)。5. 測試點必需放至於Bottom Layer6. 輸出test point report(.asc 檔案powerpcb v3.5)供廠商分析可測率7. 測試點設置處:Setuppadsstacks
上传时间: 2013-11-17
上传用户:cjf0304
LAYOUT REPORT .............. 1 目錄.................. 1 1. PCB LAYOUT 術語解釋(TERMS)......... 2 2. Test Point : ATE 測試點供工廠ICT 測試治具使用............ 2 3. 基準點 (光學點) -for SMD:........... 4 4. 標記 (LABEL ING)......... 5 5. VIA HOLE PAD................. 5 6. PCB Layer 排列方式...... 5 7.零件佈置注意事項 (PLACEMENT NOTES)............... 5 8. PCB LAYOUT 設計............ 6 9. Transmission Line ( 傳輸線 )..... 8 10.General Guidelines – 跨Plane.. 8 11. General Guidelines – 繞線....... 9 12. General Guidelines – Damping Resistor. 10 13. General Guidelines - RJ45 to Transformer................. 10 14. Clock Routing Guideline........... 12 15. OSC & CRYSTAL Guideline........... 12 16. CPU
上传时间: 2013-10-29
上传用户:1234xhb
The high defi nition multimedia interface (HDMI) is fastbecoming the de facto standard for passing digitalaudio and video data in home entertainment systems.This standard includes an I2C type bus called a displaydata channel (DDC) that is used to pass extended digitalinterface data (EDID) from the sinkdevice (such as adigital TV) to the source device (such as a digital A/Vreceiver). EDID includes vital information on the digitaldata formats that the sink device can accept. The HDMIspecifi cation requires that devices have less than 50pFof input capacitance on their DDC bus lines, which canbe very diffi cult to meet. The LTC®4300A’s capacitancebuffering feature allows devices to pass the HDMI DDCinput capacitance compliance test with ease.
上传时间: 2013-11-21
上传用户:tian126vip
Accurate measurement of the third order intercept pointfor low distortion IC products such as the LT5514 requirescertain precautions to be observed in the test setup andtesting procedure. The LT5514 linearity performance ishigh enough to push the test equipment and test set-up totheir limits. A method for accurate measurement of thirdorder intermodulation products, IM3, with standard testequipment is outlined below.It is also important to correctly interpret the LT5514specification with respect to ROUT, and the impact ofdemo-board transmission-line termination loss whenevaluating the linearity performance, as explained in theLT5514 Datasheet and in Note 1 of this document.
上传时间: 2013-11-14
上传用户:l254587896
在Multisim 10软件环境下,设计一种由运算放大器构成的精确可控矩形波信号发生器,结合系统电路原理图重点阐述了各参数指标的实现与测试方法。通过改变RC电路的电容充、放电路径和时间常数实现了占空比和频率的调节,通过多路开关投入不同数值的电容实现了频段的调节,通过电压取样和同相放大电路实现了输出电压幅值的调节并提高了电路的带负载能力,可作为频率和幅值可调的方波信号发生器。Multisim 10仿真分析及应用电路测试结果表明,电路性能指标达到了设计要求。 Abstract: Based on Multisim 10, this paper designed a kind of rectangular-wave signal generator which could be controlled exactly composed of operational amplifier, the key point was how to implement and test the parameter indicators based on the circuit diagram. The duty and the frequency were adjusted by changing the time constant and the way of charging and discharging of the capacitor, the width of frequency was adjusted by using different capacitors provided with multiple switch, the amplitude of output voltage was adjusted by sampling voltage and using in-phase amplifier circuit,the ability of driving loads was raised, the circuit can be used as squarewave signal generator whose frequency and amplitude can be adjusted. The final simulation results of Multisim 10 and the tests of applicable circuit show that the performance indicators of the circuit meets the design requirements.
上传时间: 2014-01-21
上传用户:shen007yue
为了改进产品性能和兼容性,最新的HDMI compliance test specification (HDMI CTS) V.1.3增加了新的测试内容和定下了更严格的标准。大多数现在递交给HDMI授权测试中心(ATC) 的带有HDMI功能的电器都将按照HDMI CTS V.1.3 来测试。Analog Devices (ADI) 分别在美国的绿堡(Greensboro,NC), 东京, 台湾和北京设立了四家预测试中心为客户提供HDMI CT 测试以缩短客户产品上市的时间。在本文中我们将讨论HDMI CTS V.1.3新增加的一些重要内容。同时我们也将着重总结一些典型测试项目失败的原因和可能的修改方案。
上传时间: 2013-12-15
上传用户:古谷仁美
国外游戏开发者杂志2003年第二期配套代码,包含了Jon Blow的交互工具的版本更新,使用了一个Kohonen Self-Organizing Feature Map来区分系统的行为
上传时间: 2014-01-19
上传用户:拔丝土豆
This algorithm was developed by Professor Ronald L. Rivest of MIT and can be found presented in several languages. What I provide to you here is a C++ derivative of the original C implementation of Professor Rivets. The library code itself is platform-independant and has been tested in Redhat Linux. I ve included the sample code and makefile that I used for the Linux test. The demo, however, was written with Visual C++ 6 on a Windows 2000 platform.
标签: L. Professor algorithm developed
上传时间: 2014-12-21
上传用户:gonuiln
The enclosed VB project includes a VB class that implements the Rijndael AES block encryption algorithm. The form in the project runs some test data through the class.
标签: implements encryption Rijndael enclosed
上传时间: 2015-01-30
上传用户:JIUSHICHEN