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  • 差分電路中單端及混合模式S-參數的使用

    Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.

    标签: 差分電路 單端 模式

    上传时间: 2014-03-25

    上传用户:yyyyyyyyyy

  • LTC3207,LTC3207-1用户指南

      The LTC®3207/LTC3207-1 is a 600mA LED/Camera driverwhich illuminates 12 Universal LEDs (ULEDs) and onecamera fl ash LED. The ULEDs are considered universalbecause they may be individually turned on or off, setin general purpose output (GPO) mode, set to blink at aselected on-time and period, or gradate on and off at aselected gradation rate. This device also has an externalenable (ENU) pin that may be used to blink, gradate, orturn on/off the LEDs without using the I2C bus. This may beuseful if the microprocessor is in sleep or standby mode. Ifused properly, these features may save valuable memoryspace, programming time, and reduce the I2C traffi c.

    标签: 3207 LTC 用户

    上传时间: 2014-01-04

    上传用户:LANCE

  • Proteus教程中涉及的基本概念

      基本的编辑工具(GENERAL EDITING FACILITIES)   对象放置(Object Placement)   ISIS支持多种类型的对象,每一类型对象的具体作用和功能将在下一章给出。虽然类型不同,但放置对象的基本步骤都是一样的。   放置对象的步骤如下(To place an object:)   1.根据对象的类别在工具箱选择相应模式的图标(mode icon)。   2. Select the sub-mode icon for the specific type of object.   2、根据对象的具体类型选择子模式图标(sub-mode icon)。   3、如果对象类型是元件、端点、管脚、图形、符号或标记,从选择器里(selector)选择你想要的对象的名字。对于元件、端点、管脚和符号,可能首先需要从库中调出。   4、如果对象是有方向的,将会在预览窗口显示出来,你可以通过点击旋转和镜象图标来调整对象的朝向。   5、最后,指向编辑窗口并点击鼠标左键放置对象。对于不同的对象,确切的步骤可能略有不同,但你会发现和其它的图形编辑软件是类似的,而且很直观。   选中对象(Tagging an Object)   用鼠标指向对象并点击右键可以选中该对象。该操作选中对象并使其高亮显示,然后可以进行编辑。

    标签: Proteus 教程 基本概念

    上传时间: 2013-10-29

    上传用户:avensy

  • Xilinx FPGA集成电路的动态老化试验

      3 FPGA设计流程   完整的FPGA 设计流程包括逻辑电路设计输入、功能仿真、综合及时序分析、实现、加载配置、调试。FPGA 配置就是将特定的应用程序设计按FPGA设计流程转化为数据位流加载到FPGA 的内部存储器中,实现特定逻辑功能的过程。由于FPGA 电路的内部存储器都是基于RAM 工艺的,所以当FPGA电路电源掉电后,内部存储器中已加载的位流数据将随之丢失。所以,通常将设计完成的FPGA 位流数据存于外部存储器中,每次上电自动进行FPGA电路配置加载。   4 FPGA配置原理    以Xilinx公司的Qpro Virtex Hi-Rel系列XQV100电路为例,FPGA的配置模式有四种方案可选择:MasterSerial Mode,Slave Serial Mode,Master selectMAPMode,Slave selectMAP Mode。配置是通过芯片上的一组专/ 复用引脚信号完成的,主要配置功能信号如下:   (1)M0、M1、M2:下载配置模式选择;   (2)CLK:配置时钟信号;   (3)DONE:显示配置状态、控制器件启动;

    标签: Xilinx FPGA 集成电路 动态老化

    上传时间: 2013-11-18

    上传用户:oojj

  • XAPP122 - Spartan-XL FPGA的Express配置

    Express Mode uses an 8-bit wide bus path for fast configuration of Xilinx FPGAs. Thisapplication note provides information on how to perform Express configuration specifically forthe Spartan™-XL family. The Express mode signals and their associated timing are defined.The steps of Express configuration are described in detail, followed by detailed instructions thatshow how to implement the configuration circui

    标签: Spartan-XL Express XAPP FPGA

    上传时间: 2015-01-02

    上传用户:nanxia

  • 基于CPLD的QDPSK调制解调电路设计

    为了在CDMA系统中更好地应用QDPSK数字调制方式,在分析四相相对移相(QDPSK)信号调制解调原理的基础上,设计了一种QDPSK调制解调电路,它包括串并转换、差分编码、四相载波产生和选相、相干解调、差分译码和并串转换电路。在MAX+PLUSⅡ软件平台上,进行了编译和波形仿真。综合后下载到复杂可编程逻辑器件EPM7128SLC84-15中,测试结果表明,调制电路能正确选相,解调电路输出数据与QDPSK调制输入数据完全一致,达到了预期的设计要求。 Abstract:  In order to realize the better application of digital modulation mode QDPSK in the CDMA system, a sort of QDPSK modulation-demodulation circuit was designed based on the analysis of QDPSK signal modulation-demodulation principles. It included serial/parallel conversion circuit, differential encoding circuit, four-phase carrier wave produced and phase chosen circuit, coherent demodulation circuit, difference decoding circuit and parallel/serial conversion circuit. And it was compiled and simulated on the MAX+PLUSⅡ software platform,and downloaded into the CPLD of EPM7128SLC84-15.The test result shows that the modulation circuit can exactly choose the phase,and the output data of the demodulator circuit is the same as the input data of the QDPSK modulate. The circuit achieves the prospective requirement of the design.

    标签: QDPSK CPLD 调制解调 电路设计

    上传时间: 2013-10-28

    上传用户:jyycc

  • SOC验证方法

    Prakash Rashinkar has over 15 years experience in system design and verificationof embedded systems for communication satellites, launch vehicles and spacecraftground systems, high-performance computing, switching, multimedia, and wirelessapplications. Prakash graduated with an MSEE from Regional Engineering College,Warangal, in India. He lead the team that was responsible for delivering themethodologies for SOC verification at Cadence Design Systems. Prakash is anactive member of the VSIA Functional Verification DWG. He is currently Architectin the Vertical Markets and Design Environments Group at Cadence.

    标签: SOC 验证方法

    上传时间: 2013-11-19

    上传用户:m62383408

  • 数字与模拟电路设计技巧

    数字与模拟电路设计技巧IC与LSI的功能大幅提升使得高压电路与电力电路除外,几乎所有的电路都是由半导体组件所构成,虽然半导体组件高速、高频化时会有EMI的困扰,不过为了充分发挥半导体组件应有的性能,电路板设计与封装技术仍具有决定性的影响。 模拟与数字技术的融合由于IC与LSI半导体本身的高速化,同时为了使机器达到正常动作的目的,因此技术上的跨越竞争越来越激烈。虽然构成系统的电路未必有clock设计,但是毫无疑问的是系统的可靠度是建立在电子组件的选用、封装技术、电路设计与成本,以及如何防止噪讯的产生与噪讯外漏等综合考虑。机器小型化、高速化、多功能化使得低频/高频、大功率信号/小功率信号、高输出阻抗/低输出阻抗、大电流/小电流、模拟/数字电路,经常出现在同一个高封装密度电路板,设计者身处如此的环境必需面对前所未有的设计思维挑战,例如高稳定性电路与吵杂(noisy)性电路为邻时,如果未将噪讯入侵高稳定性电路的对策视为设计重点,事后反复的设计变更往往成为无解的梦魇。模拟电路与高速数字电路混合设计也是如此,假设微小模拟信号增幅后再将full scale 5V的模拟信号,利用10bit A/D转换器转换成数字信号,由于分割幅宽祇有4.9mV,因此要正确读取该电压level并非易事,结果造成10bit以上的A/D转换器面临无法顺利运作的窘境。另一典型实例是使用示波器量测某数字电路基板两点相隔10cm的ground电位,理论上ground电位应该是零,然而实际上却可观测到4.9mV数倍甚至数十倍的脉冲噪讯(pulse noise),如果该电位差是由模拟与数字混合电路的grand所造成的话,要测得4.9 mV的信号根本是不可能的事情,也就是说为了使模拟与数字混合电路顺利动作,必需在封装与电路设计有相对的对策,尤其是数字电路switching时,ground vance noise不会入侵analogue ground的防护对策,同时还需充分检讨各电路产生的电流回路(route)与电流大小,依此结果排除各种可能的干扰因素。以上介绍的实例都是设计模拟与数字混合电路时经常遇到的瓶颈,如果是设计12bit以上A/D转换器时,它的困难度会更加复杂。

    标签: 数字 模拟电路 设计技巧

    上传时间: 2014-02-12

    上传用户:wenyuoo

  • 通用阵列逻辑GAL实现基本门电路的设计

    通用阵列逻辑GAL实现基本门电路的设计 一、实验目的 1.了解GAL22V10的结构及其应用; 2.掌握GAL器件的设计原则和一般格式; 3.学会使用VHDL语言进行可编程逻辑器件的逻辑设计; 4.掌握通用阵列逻辑GAL的编程、下载、验证功能的全部过程。 二、实验原理 1. 通用阵列逻辑GAL22V10 通用阵列逻辑GAL是由可编程的与阵列、固定(不可编程)的或阵列和输出逻辑宏单元(OLMC)三部分构成。GAL芯片必须借助GAL的开发软件和硬件,对其编程写入后,才能使GAL芯片具有预期的逻辑功能。GAL22V10有10个I/O口、12个输入口、10个寄存器单元,最高频率为超过100MHz。 ispGAL22V10器件就是把流行的GAL22V10与ISP技术结合起来,在功能和结构上与GAL22V10完全相同,并沿用了GAL22V10器件的标准28脚PLCC封装。ispGAl22V10的传输时延低于7.5ns,系统速度高达100MHz以上,因而非常适用于高速图形处理和高速总线管理。由于它每个输出单元平均能够容纳12个乘积项,最多的单元可达16个乘积项,因而更为适用大型状态机、状态控制及数据处理、通讯工程、测量仪器等领域。ispGAL22V10的功能框图及引脚图分别见图1-1和1-2所示。 另外,采用ispGAL22V10来实现诸如地址译码器之类的基本逻辑功能是非常容易的。为实现在系统编程,每片ispGAL22V10需要有四个在系统编程引脚,它们是串行数据输入(SDI),方式选择(MODE)、串行输出(SDO)和串行时钟(SCLK)。这四个ISP控制信号巧妙地利用28脚PLCC封装GAL22V10的四个空脚,从而使得两种器件的引脚相互兼容。在系统编程电源为+5V,无需外接编程高压。每片ispGAL22V10可以保证一万次在系统编程。 ispGAL22V10的内部结构图如图1-3所示。 2.编译、下载源文件 用VHDL语言编写的源程序,是不能直接对芯片编程下载的,必须经过计算机软件对其进行编译,综合等最终形成PLD器件的熔断丝文件(通常叫做JEDEC文件,简称为JED文件)。通过相应的软件及编程电缆再将JED数据文件写入到GAL芯片,这样GAL芯片就具有用户所需要的逻辑功能。  3.工具软件ispLEVER简介 ispLEVER 是Lattice 公司新推出的一套EDA软件。设计输入可采用原理图、硬件描述语言、混合输入三种方式。能对所设计的数字电子系统进行功能仿真和时序仿真。编译器是此软件的核心,能进行逻辑优化,将逻辑映射到器件中去,自动完成布局与布线并生成编程所需要的熔丝图文件。软件中的Constraints Editor工具允许经由一个图形用户接口选择I/O设置和引脚分配。软件包含Synolicity公司的“Synplify”综合工具和Lattice的ispVM器件编程工具,ispLEVER软件提供给开发者一个简单而有力的工具。

    标签: GAL 阵列 逻辑 门电路

    上传时间: 2013-11-17

    上传用户:看到了没有

  • 开关电源EMI设计(英文版)

    Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei ZhangThesis submitted to the Faculty of theVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei Zhang(ABSTRACT)This work presents the modeling and analysis of EMI and thermal performancefor switch power supply by using the CAD tools. The methodology and design guidelinesare developed.By using a boost PFC circuit as an example, an equivalent circuit model is builtfor EMI noise prediction and analysis. The parasitic elements of circuit layout andcomponents are extracted analytically or by using CAD tools. Based on the model, circuitlayout and magnetic component design are modified to minimize circuit EMI. EMI filtercan be designed at an early stage without prototype implementation.In the second part, thermal analyses are conducted for the circuit by using thesoftware Flotherm, which includes the mechanism of conduction, convection andradiation. Thermal models are built for the components. Thermal performance of thecircuit and the temperature profile of components are predicted. Improved thermalmanagement and winding arrangement are investigated to reduce temperature.In the third part, several circuit layouts and inductor design examples are checkedfrom both the EMI and thermal point of view. Insightful information is obtained.

    标签: EMI 开关电源 英文

    上传时间: 2013-11-16

    上传用户:萍水相逢