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19.1 简介（一般信息）</div>
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The communication between blocks of a digital system is a critical area that can affect everything from ease of RTL coding, to hardware-software partitioning to performance analysis to bus implementation choices and protocol checking. The interface construct in SystemVerilog was specifically created to encapsulate the communication between blocks, allowing a smooth migration from abstract system-level design through successive refinement down to lower-level register-transfer and structural views of the design. By encapsulating the communication between blocks, the interface construct also facilitates design re-use. The inclusion of interface capabilities is one of the major advantages of SystemVerilog. </p>
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At its lowest level, an interface is a named bundle of nets or variables. The interface is instantiated in a design and can be accessed through a port as a single item, and the component nets or variables referenced where needed. A significant proportion of a Verilog design often consists of port lists and port connection lists, which are just repetitions of names. The ability to replace a group of names by a single name can significantly reduce the size of a description and improve its maintainability. </p>
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Additional power of the interface comes from its ability to encapsulate functionality as well as connectivity, making an interface, at its highest level, more like a class template. An interface can have parameters, constants, variables, functions and tasks. The types of elements in an interface can be declared, or the types can be passed in as parameters. The member variables and functions are referenced relative to the instance name of the interface as instance.member. Thus, modules that are connected via an interface can simply call the task/function members of that interface to drive the communication. With the functionality thus encapsulated in the interface, and isolated from the module, the abstraction level and/or granularity of the communication protocol can be easily changed by replacing the interface with a different interface containing the same members but implemented at a different level of abstraction. The modules connected via the interface don’t need to change at all. </p>
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To provide direction information for module ports and to control the use of tasks and functions within particular modules, the modport construct is provided. As the name indicates, the directions are those seen from the module. </p>
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In addition to task/function methods, an interface can also contain processes (i.e. initial or always blocks) and continuous assignments, which are useful for system-level modeling and testbench applications. This allows the interface to include, for example, its own protocol checker that automatically verifies that all modules connected via the interface conform to the specified protocol. Other applications, such as functional coverage recording and reporting, protocol checking and assertions can also be built into the interface. </p>
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The methods can be abstract, i.e. defined in one module and called in another, using the export and import constructs. This could be coded using hierarchical path names, but this would impede re-use because the names would be design-specific. A better way is to declare the task and function names in the interface, and to use local hierarchical names from the interface instance for both definition and call. Broadcast communication is modeled by forkjoin tasks, which can be defined in more than one module and executed concurrently.</p></div>
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