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.SH VI. THE SHELL .PP For most users, communication with the system is carried on with the aid of a program called the \&shell. The \&shell is a command-line interpreter: it reads lines typed by the u

.SH IX. STATISTICS .PP The following numbers are presented to suggest the scale of the Research .UX operation. Those of our users not involved in document preparation tend to use the system for progra

.SH V. PROCESSES AND IMAGES .PP An .IT image is a computer execution environment. It includes a memory image, general register values, status of open files, current directory and the like. An image is

/* * kernel level */ #ifdef KERNEL #define PADDR ((struct pack *)tp->t_linep) #define TURNOFF pkturnoff(tp) #define UCOUNT u.u_count #define S tp #define P pk->p_ttyp #define SDEF struct tty

.s2 3.6 I/O calls .es The system calls to do I/O are designed to eliminate the differences between the various devices and styles of access. There is no distinction between ``random'' and ``sequential

.s1 7. Traps .es The \*sPDP\*n-11 hardware detects a number of program faults, such as references to non-existent memory, unimplemented instructions, and odd addresses used where an even address is re

.wh -1i fo .sp 1.25i .wh 0 hd .ps 16 .ft B .ce The U\s14NIX\s16 Time-Sharing System .ft I .sp .3i .ce 2 \*nDennis M. Ritchie Ken Thompson .ce 2 Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, N. J. 07974 .fi .ft B .

.s1 6. The Shell .es For most users, communication with \*sUNIX\*n is carried on with the aid of a program called the Shell. The Shell is a command line interpreter: it reads lines typed by the user a

.s1 9. Statistics .es The following numbers are presented to suggest the scale of our operation. Those of our users not involved in document preparation tend to use the system for program development,

.s1 5. Processes and images .es An .ft I image .ft is a computer execution environment. It includes a core image, general register values, status of open files, current directory and the like. An imag