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.fp 3 CW .fz 3 -1 .fz S 3 -0 .bd S 3 3 \" embolden special font in context of 3 .if t .nr PI .25i \" paragraph indent .nr PS 10 \" text point size .nr VS 12 \" text vertical (inter-line) spacing .nr d

.NH PROCESSES .PP It is often easier to use a program written by someone else than to invent one's own. This section describes how to execute a program from within another. .NH 2 The ``System'' Functi

.SH References .LP .IP [1] K. L. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie, .ul The .ul .UC UNIX .ul Programmer's Manual, Bell Laboratories, 1978. .IP [2] B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, .ul The C Programming Lan

.if n .ls 2 .if t .tr |\(or .NH INTRODUCTION .PP This paper describes how to write programs that interface with the .UC UNIX operating system in a non-trivial way. This includes programs that use fil

.NH LOW-LEVEL I/O .PP This section describes the bottom level of I/O on the .UC UNIX system. The lowest level of I/O in .UC UNIX provides no buffering or any other services; it is in fact a direct en

.NH SIGNALS \(em INTERRUPTS AND ALL THAT .PP This section is concerned with how to deal gracefully with signals from the outside world (like interrupts), and with program faults. Since there's nothing

.NH THE STANDARD I/O LIBRARY .PP The ``Standard I/O Library'' is a collection of routines intended to provide efficient and portable I/O services for most C programs. The standard I/O library is avail

.sp 100 .TL .ft R Appendix \(em The Standard I/O Library .AU D. M. Ritchie .AI .MH .PP The standard I/O library was designed with the following goals in mind. .IP 1. It must be as efficient as possibl

.if n .ls 1 ...TM 78-1273-9 39199 39199-11 ...ND October 2, 1978 ...old TM 75-1273-11 October 22, 1975 .RP .TL UNIX Programming \(em Second Edition .AU "MH 2C-518" 6021 Brian W. Kernighan .AU "MH 2C-5

.NH Acknowledgments .PP We are grateful to all those who have tried .ul learn, for we have benefited greatly from their suggestions and criticisms. In particular, M. E. Bittrich, J. L. Blue, S. I. Fel