软件无线电(SDR，Software Defined Radio)由于具备传统无线电技术无可比拟的优越性，已成为业界公认的现代无线电通信技术的发展方向。理想的软件无线电系统强调体系结构的开放性和可编程性，减少灵活性著的硬件电路，把数字化处理(ADC和DAC)尽可能靠近天线，通过软件的更新改变硬件的配置、结构和功能。目前，直接对射频(RF)进行采样的技术尚未实现普及的产品化，而用数字变频器在中频进行数字化是普遍采用的方法，其主要思想是，数字混频器用离散化的单频本振信号与输入采样信号在乘法器中相乘，再经插值或抽取滤波，其结果是，输入信号频谱搬移到所需频带，数据速率也相应改变，以供后续模块做进一步处理。数字变频器在发射设备和接收设备中分别称为数字上变频器(DUC，Digital Upper Converter)和数字下变频器(DDC，Digital Down Converter)，它们是软件无线电通信设备的关键部什。大规模可编程逻辑器件的应用为现代通信系统的设计带来极大的灵活性。基于FPGA的数字变频器设计是深受广大设计人员欢迎的设计手段。本文的重点研究是数字下变频器(DDC)，然而将它与数字上变频器(DUC)完全割裂后进行研究显然是不妥的，因此，本文对数字上变频器也作适当介绍。 第一章简要阐述了软件无线电及数字下变频的基本概念，介绍了研究背景及所完成的主要研究工作。 第二章介绍了数控振荡器(NCO)，介绍了两种实现方法，即基于查找表和基于CORDIC算法的实现。对CORDIc算法作了重点介绍，给出了传统算法和改进算法，并对基于传统CORDIC算法的NCO的FPGA实现进行了EDA仿真。 第三章介绍了变速率采样技术，重点介绍了软件无线电中广泛采用的级联积分梳状滤波器 (cascaded integratot comb， CIC)和ISOP(Interpolated Second Order Polynomial)补偿法，对前者进行了基于Matlab的理论仿真和FPGA实现的EDA仿真，后者只进行了基于Matlab的理论仿真。 第四章介绍了分布式算法和软件无线电中广泛采用的半带(half-band，HB)滤波器，对基于分布式算法的半带滤波器的FPGA实现进行了EDA仿真，最后简要介绍了FIR的多相结构。 第五章对数字下变频器系统进行了噪声综合分析，给出了一个噪声模型。 第六章介绍了数字下变频器在短波电台中频数字化应用中的一个实例，给出了测试结果，重点介绍了下变频器的：FPGA实现，其对应的VHDL程序收录在本文最后的附录中，希望对从事该领域设计的技术人员具有一定参考价值。
上传时间： 2013-06-09
上传用户：szchen2006
Abstract: A perfect voltage reference produces a stable voltage independent of any external factors. Real-world voltagereferences, of course, are subject to errors caused by many external factors. One causeof these major errors istemperature. Without care, it is easy to operate a voltage reference outside its operating temperature range. Thisapplication note describes how references respond to temperature changes, and how self-heating can cause a voltagereference to operate outside its recommended temperature range. Once understood, this knowledge can then be used toavoid making this design error.
上传时间： 2013-11-08
上传用户：xianglee
The STM32F10xxx microcontroller family embeds up to three advanced 12-bit ADCs (depending on the device) with a conversion time down to 1 μs. A self-calibration feature is provided to enhance ADC accuracy versus environmental condition changes.
上传时间： 2014-12-23
上传用户：eastimage
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
上传时间： 2013-11-12
上传用户：pans0ul
PCB 被动组件的隐藏特性解析 传统上，EMC一直被视为「黑色魔术（black magic）」。其实，EMC是可以藉由数学公式来理解的。不过，纵使有数学分析方法可以利用，但那些数学方程式对实际的EMC电路设计而言，仍然太过复杂了。幸运的是，在大多数的实务工作中，工程师并不需要完全理解那些复杂的数学公式和存在于EMC规范中的学理依据，只要藉由简单的数学模型，就能够明白要如何达到EMC的要求。本文藉由简单的数学公式和电磁理论，来说明在印刷电路板（PCB）上被动组件（passivecomponent）的隐藏行为和特性，这些都是工程师想让所设计的电子产品通过EMC标准时，事先所必须具备的基本知识。导线和PCB走线导线（wire）、走线（trace）、固定架……等看似不起眼的组件，却经常成为射频能量的最佳发射器（亦即，EMI的来源）。每一种组件都具有电感，这包含硅芯片的焊线（bond wire）、以及电阻、电容、电感的接脚。每根导线或走线都包含有隐藏的寄生电容和电感。这些寄生性组件会影响导线的阻抗大小，而且对频率很敏感。依据LC 的值（决定自共振频率）和PCB走线的长度，在某组件和PCB走线之间，可以产生自共振（self-resonance），因此，形成一根有效率的辐射天线。在低频时，导线大致上只具有电阻的特性。但在高频时，导线就具有电感的特性。因为变成高频后，会造成阻抗大小的变化，进而改变导线或PCB 走线与接地之间的EMC 设计，这时必需使用接地面（ground plane）和接地网格（ground grid）。导线和PCB 走线的最主要差别只在于，导线是圆形的，走线是长方形的。导线或走线的阻抗包含电阻R和感抗XL = 2πfL，在高频时，此阻抗定义为Z = R + j XL j2πfL，没有容抗Xc = 1/2πfC存在。频率高于100 kHz以上时，感抗大于电阻，此时导线或走线不再是低电阻的连接线，而是电感。一般而言，在音频以上工作的导线或走线应该视为电感，不能再看成电阻，而且可以是射频天线。
上传时间： 2013-10-09
上传用户：时代将军
Abstract: We don't expect manufacturers to produce clothes that in one size that fits everyone. In thesame way, one ESD component can't solve all issues—each application has different ESD requirements.Knowing that "one size fits all" cannot apply to power design, the power designer, or the engineering"super hero," must consider all the potential disruptions to a steady flow of power and thenvarious waysto mitigate them. This tutorial describes voltage- and current-limiting devices and risetime reducers tomanage the power. It also points to free and low-cost software tools to help design lowpass filters, checkcapacitor self-resonance, and simulate circuits.
上传时间： 2013-11-18
上传用户：zhouxuepeng1
Avalanche photo diode (APD) receiver modules arewidely used in fi ber optic communication systems. AnAPD module contains the APD and a signal conditioningamplifi er, but is not completely self contained. It stillrequires signifi cant support circuitry including a highvoltage, low noise power supply and a precision currentmonitor to indicate the signal strength. The challenge issqueezing this support circuitry into applications withlimited board space. The LT®3482 addresses this challengeby integrating a monolithic DC/DC step-up converter andan accurate current monitor. The LT3482 can supportup to a 90V APD bias voltage, and the current monitorprovides better than 10% accuracy over four decades ofdynamic range (250nA to 2.5mA).
上传时间： 2014-01-18
上传用户：wenyuoo
BIT_SELFREFRESH EQU (1<<22) ;定义SDRAM自刷新标志位 16 17 ;Pre-defined constants 预定义6种工作模式 18 USERMODE EQU 0x10 ;用户模式 19 FIQMODE EQU 0x11 ;快速中断模式 20 IRQMODE EQU 0x12 ;中断模式 21 SVCMODE EQU 0x13 ;监管模式 22 ABORTMODE EQU 0x17 ;异常中断模式 23 UNDEFMODE EQU 0x1b ;未定义模式 24 25 MODEMASK EQU 0x1f ;模式掩码 26 NOINT EQU 0xc0 ;取消中断 27 28 ;The location of stacks;设置6种工作模式的堆栈的起始地址 29 ;在option.inc中定义了_STACK_BASEADDRESS EQU 0x33ff8000 30 UserStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x3800) ;0x33ff4800 ~ 31 SVCStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x2800) ;0x33ff5800 ~ 32 UndefStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x2400) ;0x33ff5c00 ~ 33 AbortStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x2000) ;0x33ff6000 ~ 34 IRQStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x1000) ;0x33ff7000 ~ 35 FIQStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x0) ;0x33ff8000 ~
上传时间： 2013-10-07
上传用户：m62383408
为解决传统可视倒车雷达视频字符叠加器结构复杂，可靠性差，成本高昂等问题，在可视倒车雷达设计中采用视频字符发生器芯片MAX7456。该芯片集成了所有用于产生用户定义OSD，并将其插入视频信号中所需的全部功能，仅需少量的外围阻容元件即可正常工作。给出了以MAX7456为核心的可视倒车雷达的软、硬件实现方案及设计实例。该方案具有电路结构简单、价格低廉、符合人体视觉习惯的特点。经实际装车测试，按该方案设计的可视倒车雷达视场清晰、提示字符醒目、工作可靠，可有效降低驾驶员倒车时的工作强度、减少倒车事故的发生。 Abstract: A new video and text generation chip，MAX7456，was used in the design of video parking sensor in order to simplify system structure，improve reliability and reduce cost. This chip included all the necessary functions to generate user-defined OSDs and to add them into the video signals. It could be put into work with addition of just a small number of resistances and capacitors. This paper provided software and hardware implementation solutions and design example based on the chip. The system had the characteristics of simplicity in circuit structure，lower cost，and comfort for the nature of human vision. Loading road test demonstrates high video and text display quality and reliable performance，which makes the driver easy to see backward and reduces chance of accidents.
上传时间： 2013-12-10
上传用户：qiaoyue
1 FEATURES· Single chip LCD controller/driver· 1 or 2-line display of up to 24 characters per line, or2 or 4 lines of up to 12 characters per line· 5 ′ 7 character format plus cursor; 5 ′ 8 for kana(Japanese syllabary) and user defined symbols· On-chip:– generation of LCD supply voltage (external supplyalso possible)– generation of intermediate LCD bias voltages– oscillator requires no external components (externalclock also possible)· Display data RAM: 80 characters· Character generator ROM: 240 characters· Character generator RAM: 16 characters· 4 or 8-bit parallel bus or 2-wire I2C-bus interface· CMOS/TTL compatible· 32 row, 60 column outputs· MUX rates 1 : 32 and 1 : 16· Uses common 11 code instruction set· Logic supply voltage range, VDD - VSS: 2.5 to 6 V· Display supply voltage range, VDD - VLCD: 3.5 to 9 V· Low power consumption· I2C-bus address: 011101 SA0.
上传时间： 2013-11-08
上传用户：laozhanshi111
