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  • at91rm9200启动过程教程

    at91rm9200启动过程教程 系统上电,检测BMS,选择系统的启动方式,如果BMS为高电平,则系统从片内ROM启动。AT91RM9200的ROM上电后被映射到了0x0和0x100000处,在这两个地址处都可以访问到ROM。由于9200的ROM中固化了一个BOOTLOAER程序。所以PC从0X0处开始执行这个BOOTLOAER(准确的说应该是一级BOOTLOADER)。这个BOOTLOER依次完成以下步骤: 1、PLL SETUP,设置PLLB产生48M时钟频率提供给USB DEVICE。同时DEBUG USART也被初始化为48M的时钟频率; 2、相应模式下的堆栈设置; 3、检测主时钟源(Main oscillator); 4、中断控制器(AIC)的设置; 5、C 变量的初始化; 6、跳到主函数。 完成以上步骤后,我们可以认为BOOT过程结束,接下来的就是LOADER的过程,或者也可以认为是装载二级BOOTLOER。AT91RM9200按照DATAFLASH、EEPROM、连接在外部总线上的8位并行FLASH的顺序依次来找合法的BOOT程序。所谓合法的指的是在这些存储设备的开始地址处连续的存放的32个字节,也就是8条指令必须是跳转指令或者装载PC的指令,其实这样规定就是把这8条指令当作是异常向量表来处理。必须注意的是第6条指令要包含将要装载的映像的大小。关于如何计算和写这条指令可以参考用户手册。一旦合法的映像找到之后,则BOOT程序会把找到的映像搬到SRAM中去,所以映像的大小是非常有限的,不能超过16K-3K的大小。当BOOT程序完成了把合法的映像搬到SRAM的任务以后,接下来就进行存储器的REMAP,经过REMAP之后,SRAM从映设前的0X200000地址处被映设到了0X0地址并且程序从0X0处开始执行。而ROM这时只能在0X100000这个地址处看到了。至此9200就算完成了一种形式的启动过程。如果BOOT程序在以上所列的几种存储设备中找到合法的映像,则自动初始化DEBUG USART口和USB DEVICE口以准备从外部载入映像。对DEBUG口的初始化包括设置参数115200 8 N 1以及运行XMODEM协议。对USB DEVICE进行初始化以及运行DFU协议。现在用户可以从外部(假定为PC平台)载入你的映像了。在PC平台下,以WIN2000为例,你可以用超级终端来完成这个功能,但是还是要注意你的映像的大小不能超过13K。一旦正确从外部装载了映像,接下来的过程就是和前面一样重映设然后执行映像了。我们上面讲了BMS为高电平,AT91RM9200选择从片内的ROM启动的一个过程。如果BMS为低电平,则AT91RM9200会从片外的FLASH启动,这时片外的FLASH的起始地址就是0X0了,接下来的过程和片内启动的过程是一样的,只不过这时就需要自己写启动代码了,至于怎么写,大致的内容和ROM的BOOT差不多,不同的硬件设计可能有不一样的地方,但基本的都是一样的。由于片外FLASH可以设计的大,所以这里编写的BOOTLOADER可以一步到位,也就是说不用像片内启动可能需要BOOT好几级了,目前AT91RM9200上使用较多的bootloer是u-boot,这是一个开放源代码的软件,用户可以自由下载并根据自己的应用配置。总的说来,笔者以为AT91RM9200的启动过程比较简单,ATMEL的服务也不错,不但提供了片内启动的功能,还提供了UBOOT可供下载。笔者写了一个BOOTLODER从片外的FLASHA启动,效果还可以。 uboot结构与使用uboot是一个庞大的公开源码的软件。他支持一些系列的arm体系,包含常见的外设的驱动,是一个功能强大的板极支持包。其代码可以 http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot下载 在9200上,为了启动uboot,还有两个boot软件包,分别是loader和boot。分别完成从sram和flash中的一级boot。其源码可以从atmel的官方网站下载。 我们知道,当9200系统上电后,如果bms为高电平,则系统从片内rom启动,这时rom中固化的boot程序初始化了debug口并向其发送'c',这时我们打开超级终端会看到ccccc...。这说明系统已经启动,同时xmodem协议已经启动,用户可以通过超级终端下载用户的bootloader。作为第一步,我们下载loader.bin.loader.bin将被下载到片内的sram中。这个loder完成的功能主要是初始化时钟,sdram和xmodem协议,为下载和启动uboot做准备。当下载了loader.bin后,超级终端会继续打印:ccccc....。这时我们就可以下在uboot了。uboot将被下载到sdram中的一个地址后并把pc指针调到此处开始执行uboot。接着我们就可以在终端上看到uboot的shell启动了,提示符uboot>,用户可以uboot>help 看到命令列表和大概的功能。uboot的命令包含了对内存、flash、网络、系统启动等一些命令。 如果系统上电时bms为低电平,则系统从片外的flash启动。为了从片外的flash启动uboot,我们必须把boot.bin放到0x0地址出,使得从flash启动后首先执行boot.bin,而要少些boot.bin,就要先完成上面我们讲的那些步骤,首先开始从片内rom启动uboot。然后再利用uboot的功能完成把boot.bin和uboot.gz烧写到flash中的目的,假如我们已经启动了uboot,可以这样操作: uboot>protect off all uboot>erase all uboot>loadb 20000000 uboot>cp.b 20000000 10000000 5fff uboot>loadb 21000000 uboot>cp.b 210000000 10010000 ffff 然后系统复位,就可以看到系统先启动boot,然后解压缩uboot.gz,然后启动uboot。注意,这里uboot必须压缩成.gz文件,否则会出错。 怎么编译这三个源码包呢,首先要建立一个arm的交叉编译环境,关于如何建立,此处不予说明。建立好了以后,分别解压源码包,然后修改Makefile中的编译器项目,正确填写你的编译器的所在路径。 对loader和boot,直接make。对uboot,第一步:make_at91rm9200dk,第二步:make。这样就会在当前目录下分别生成*.bin文件,对于uboot.bin,我们还要压缩成.gz文件。 也许有的人对loader和boot搞不清楚为什么要两个,有什么区别吗?首先有区别,boot主要完成从flash中启动uboot的功能,他要对uboot的压缩文件进行解压,除此之外,他和loader并无大的区别,你可以把boot理解为在loader的基础上加入了解压缩.gz的功能而已。所以这两个并无多大的本质不同,只是他们的使命不同而已。 特别说名的是这三个软件包都是开放源码的,所以用户可以根据自己的系统的情况修改和配置以及裁减,打造属于自己系统的bootloder。

    标签: 9200 at 91 rm

    上传时间: 2013-10-27

    上传用户:wsf950131

  • Keil C51使用详解

    Keil C51使用详解Keil C51 是美国Keil Software 公司出品的51 系列兼容单片机C 语言软件开发系统,与汇编相比,C 语言在功能上、结构性、可读性、可维护性上有明显的优势,因而易学易用。用过汇编语言后再使用C 来开发,体会更加深刻。Keil C51 软件提供丰富的库函数和功能强大的集成开发调试工具,全Windows界面。另外重要的一点,只要看一下编译后生成的汇编代码,就能体会到Keil C51生成的目标代码效率非常之高,多数语句生成的汇编代码很紧凑,容易理解。在开发大型软件时更能体现高级语言的优势。下面详细介绍 Keil C51 开发系统各部分功能和使用。第二节 Keil C51 单片机软件开发系统的整体结构C51 工具包的整体结构,如图(1)所示,其中uVision 与Ishell 分别是C51 forWindows 和for Dos 的集成开发环境(IDE),可以完成编辑、编译、连接、调试、仿真等整个开发流程。开发人员可用IDE 本身或其它编辑器编辑C 或汇编源文件。然后分别由C51 及A51 编译器编译生成目标文件(.OBJ)。目标文件可由LIB51 创建生成库文件,也可以与库文件一起经L51 连接定位生成绝对目标文件(.ABS)。ABS 文件由OH51 转换成标准的Hex 文件,以供调试器dScope51 或tScope51 使用进行源代码级调试,也可由仿真器使用直接对目标板进行调试,也可以直接写入程序存贮器如EPROM 中。图(1) C51 工具包整体结构图第三节 Keil C51 工具包的安装81. C51 for Dos在 Windows 下直接运行软件包中DOS\C51DOS.exe 然后选择安装目录即可。完毕后欲使系统正常工作须进行以下操作(设C:\C51 为安装目录):修改 Autoexec.bat,加入path=C:\C51\BinSet C51LIB=C:\C51\LIBSet C51INC=C:\C51\INC然后运行Autoexec.bat2. C51 for Windows 的安装及注意事项:在 Windows 下运行软件包中WIN\Setup.exe,最好选择安装目录与C51 for Dos相同,这样设置最简单(设安装于C:\C51 目录下)。然后将软件包中crack 目录中的文件拷入C:\C51\Bin 目录下。第四节 Keil C51 工具包各部分功能及使用简介1. C51 与A51(1) C51C51 是C 语言编译器,其使用方法为:C51 sourcefile[编译控制指令]或者 C51 @ commandfile其中 sourcefile 为C 源文件(.C)。大量的编译控制指令完成C51 编译器的全部功能。包控C51 输出文件C.LST,.OBJ,.I 和.SRC 文件的控制。源文件(.C)的控制等,详见第五部分的具体介绍。而 Commandfile 为一个连接控制文件其内容包括:.C 源文件及各编译控制指令,它没有固定的名字,开发人员可根据自己的习惯指定,它适于用控制指令较多的场合。(2) A51A51 是汇编语言编译器,使用方法为:9A51 sourcefile[编译控制指令]或 A51 @ commandfile其中sourcefile 为汇编源文件(.asm或.a51),而编译控制指令的使用与其它汇编如ASM语言类似,可参考其他汇编语言材料。Commandfile 同C51 中的Commandfile 类似,它使A51 使用和修改方便。2. L51 和BL51(1) L51L51 是Keil C51 软件包提供的连接/定位器,其功能是将编译生成的OBJ 文件与库文件连接定位生成绝对目标文件(.ABS),其使用方法为:L51 目标文件列表[库文件列表] [to outputfile] [连接控制指令]或 L51 @Commandfile源程序的多个模块分别经 C51 与A51 编译后生成多个OBJ 文件,连接时,这些文件全列于目标文件列表中,作为输入文件,如果还需与库文件(.LiB)相连接,则库文件也必须列在其后。outputfile 为输文件名,缺少时为第一模块名,后缀为.ABS。连接控制指令提供了连接定位时的所有控制功能。Commandfile 为连接控制文件,其具体内容是包括了目标文件列表,库文件列表及输出文件、连接控制命令,以取代第一种繁琐的格式,由于目标模块库文件大多不止1 个,因而第2 种方法较多见,这个文件名字也可由使用者随意指定。(2) Bl51BL51 也是C51 软件包的连接/定位器,其具有L51 的所有功能,此外它还具有以下3 点特别之处:a. 可以连接定位大于64kBytes 的程序。b. 具有代码域及域切换功能(CodeBanking & Bank Switching)c. 可用于RTX51 操作系统RTX51 是一个实时多任务操作系统,它改变了传统的编程模式,甚至不必用main( )函数,单片机系统软件向RTOS 发展是一种趋势,这种趋势对于186 和38610及68K 系列CPU 更为明显和必须,对8051 因CPU 较为简单,程序结构等都不太复杂,RTX51 作用显得不太突出,其专业版软件PK51 软件包甚至不包括RTX51Full,而只有一个RTX51TINY 版本的RTOS。RTX51 TINY 适用于无外部RAM 的单片机系统,因而可用面很窄,在本文中不作介绍。Bank switching 技术因使用很少也不作介绍。3. DScope51,Tscope51 及Monitor51(1) dScope51dScope51 是一个源级调试器和模拟器,它可以调试由C51 编译器、A51 汇编器、PL/M-51 编译器及ASM-51 汇编器产生的程序。它不需目标板(for windows 也可通过mon51 接目标板),只能进行软件模拟,但其功能强大,可模拟CPU 及其外围器件,如内部串口,外部I/O 及定时器等,能对嵌入式软件功能进行有效测试。

    标签: Keil C51 使用详解

    上传时间: 2013-11-01

    上传用户:zhouxuepeng1

  • FREESCALE单片机的C编程教程

     1.The C Programming Language is a powerful, flexible andpotentially portable high-level programming language. 2.The C language may be used successfully to create a programfor an 8-bit MCU, but to produce the most efficient machinecode, the programmer must carefully construct the C Languageprogram.3.The programmer must not only create an efficient high leveldesign, but also pay attention to the detailed implementation.

    标签: FREESCALE 单片机 编程 教程

    上传时间: 2013-12-27

    上传用户:huanglang

  • AT89C2051驱动步进电机的电路和源码

    AT89C2051驱动步进电机的电路和源码:AT89C2051驱动步进电机的电路和源码 程序:stepper.c stepper.hex/* * STEPPER.C * sweeping stepper's rotor cw and cww 400 steps * Copyright (c) 1999 by W.Sirichote */#i nclude c:\mc5151io.h /* include i/o header file */ #i nclude c:\mc5151reg.hregister unsigned char j,flag1,temp; register unsigned int cw_n,ccw_n;unsigned char step[8]={0x80,0xc0,0x40,0x60,0x20,0x30,0x10,0x90} #define n 400/* flag1 mask byte 0x01 run cw() 0x02 run ccw() */main(){ flag1=0; serinit(9600); disable(); /* no need timer interrupt */ cw_n = n; /* initial step number for cw */ flag1 |=0x01; /* initial enable cw() */while(1){ { tick_wait(); /* wait for 10ms elapsed */energize(); /* round-robin execution the following tasks every 10ms */ cw(); ccw(); } }}cw(){ if((flag1&0x01)!=0) { cw_n--; /* decrement cw step number */ if (cw_n !=0) j++; /* if not zero increment index j */ else {flag1&=~0x01; /* disable cw() execution */ ccw_n = n; /* reload step number to ccw counter */ flag1 |=0x02; /* enable cww() execution */ } }

    标签: C2051 2051 89C AT

    上传时间: 2013-11-21

    上传用户:boyaboy

  • PCA9541 2 to 1 I2C-bus master

    The PCA9541 is a 2-to-1 I2C-bus master selector designed for high reliability dual masterI2C-bus applications where system operation is required, even when one master fails orthe controller card is removed for maintenance. The two masters (for example, primaryand back-up) are located on separate I2C-buses that connect to the same downstreamI2C-bus slave devices. I2C-bus commands are sent by either I2C-bus master and are usedto select one master at a time. Either master at any time can gain control of the slavedevices if the other master is disabled or removed from the system. The failed master isisolated from the system and will not affect communication between the on-line masterand the slave devices on the downstream I2C-bus.

    标签: master C-bus 9541 PCA

    上传时间: 2013-10-09

    上传用户:3294322651

  • PCA9544A 4channel I2C multiple

    The PCA9544A provides 4 interrupt inputs, one for each channeland one open drain interrupt output. When an interrupt is generated byany device, it will be detected by the PCA9544A and the interruptoutput will be driven LOW. The channel need not be active fordetection of the interrupt. A bit is also set in the control byte.Bits 4 – 7 of the control byte correspond to channels 0 – 3 of thePCA9544A, respectively. Therefore, if an interrupt is generated byany device connected to channel 2, the state of the interrupt inputs isloaded into the control register when a read is accomplished.Likewise, an interrupt on any device connected to channel 0 wouldcause bit 4 of the control register to be set on the read. The mastercan then address the PCA9544A and read the contents of thecontrol byte to determine which channel contains the devicegenerating the interrupt. The master can then reconfigure thePCA9544A to select this channel, and locate the device generatingthe interrupt and clear it. The interrupt clears when the deviceoriginating the interrupt clears.

    标签: 4channel multiple 9544A 9544

    上传时间: 2014-12-28

    上传用户:潜水的三贡

  • Adding 32 KB of Serial SRAM to

    Although Stellaris microcontrollers have generous internal SRAM capabilities, certain applicationsmay have data storage requirements that exceed the 8 KB limit of the Stellaris LM3S8xx seriesdevices. Since microcontrollers do not have an external parallel data-bus, serial memory optionsmust be considered. Until recently, the ubiquitous serial EEPROM/flash device was the only serialmemory solution. The major limitations of EEPROM and flash technology are slow write speed, slowerase times, and limited write/erase endurance.Recently, serial SRAM devices have become available as a solution for high-speed dataapplications. The N256S08xxHDA series of devices, from AMI Semiconductor, offer 32 K x 8 bits oflow-power data storage, a fast Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) serial bus, and unlimited write cycles.The parts are available in 8-pin SOIC and compact TSSOP packages.

    标签: Adding Serial SRAM 32

    上传时间: 2013-10-14

    上传用户:cxl274287265

  • Emulating a synchronous serial

    The C500 microcontroller family usually provides only one on-chip synchronous serialchannel (SSC). If a second SSC is required, an emulation of the missing interface mayhelp to avoid an external hardware solution with additional electronic components.The solution presented in this paper and in the attached source files emulates the mostimportant SSC functions by using optimized SW routines with a performance up to 25KBaud in Slave Mode with half duplex transmission and an overhead less than 60% atSAB C513 with 12 MHz. Due to the implementation in C this performance is not the limitof the chip. A pure implementation in assembler will result in a strong reduction of theCPU load and therefore increase the maximum speed of the interface. In addition,microcontrollers like the SAB C505 will speed up the interface by a factor of two becauseof an optimized architecture compared with the SAB C513.Moreover, this solution lays stress on using as few on-chip hardware resources aspossible. A more excessive consumption of those resources will result in a highermaximum speed of the emulated interface.Due to the restricted performance of an 8 bit microcontroller a pin compatible solution isprovided only; the internal register based programming interface is replaced by a set ofsubroutine calls.The attached source files also contain a test shell, which demonstrates how to exchangeinformation between an on-chip HW-SSC and the emulated SW-SSC via 5 external wiresin different operation modes. It is based on the SAB C513 (Siemens 8 bit microcontroller).A table with load measurements is presented to give an indication for the fraction of CPUperformance required by software for emulating the SSC.

    标签: synchronous Emulating serial

    上传时间: 2014-01-31

    上传用户:z1191176801

  • MPC106 PCI Bridge/Memory Contr

    In this document, the term Ô60xÕ is used to denote a 32-bit microprocessor from the PowerPC architecture family that conforms to the bus interface of the PowerPC 601ª, PowerPC 603ª, or PowerPC 604 microprocessors. Note that this does not include the PowerPC 602ª microprocessor which has a multiplexed address/data bus. 60x processors implement the PowerPC architecture as it is speciÞed for 32-bit addressing, which provides 32-bit effective (logical) addresses, integer data types of 8, 16, and 32 bits,and ßoating-point data types of 32 and 64 bits (single-precision and double-precision).1.1 Overview The MPC106 provides an integrated high-bandwidth, high-performance, TTL-compatible interface between a 60x processor, a secondary (L2) cache or additional (up to four total) 60x processors, the PCI bus,and main memory. This section provides a block diagram showing the major functional units of the 106 and describes brießy how those units interact.Figure 1 shows the major functional units within the 106. Note that this is a conceptual block diagram intended to show the basic features rather than an attempt to show how these features are physically implemented on the device.

    标签: Bridge Memory Contr MPC

    上传时间: 2013-10-08

    上传用户:18711024007

  • USB Demonstration for DK3200 w

    The μPSD32xx family, from ST, consists of Flash programmable system devices with a 8032 MicrocontrollerCore. Of these, the μPSD3234A and μPSD3254A are notable for having a complete implementationof the USB hardware directly on the chip, complying with the Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision1.1.This application note describes a demonstration program that has been written for the DK3200 hardwaredemonstration kit (incorporating a μPSD3234A device). It gives the user an idea of how simple it is to workwith the device, using the HID class as a ready-made device driver for the USB connection.IN-APPLICATION-PROGRAMMING (IAP) AND IN-SYSTEM-PROGRAMMING (ISP)Since the μPSD contains two independent Flash memory arrays, the Micro Controller Unit (MCU) can executecode from one memory while erasing and programming the other. Product firmware updates in thefield can be reliably performed over any communication channel (such as CAN, Ethernet, UART, J1850)using this unique architecture. For In-Application-Programming (IAP), all code is updated through theMCU. The main advantage for the user is that the firmware can be updated remotely. The target applicationruns and takes care on its own program code and data memory.IAP is not the only method to program the firmware in μPSD devices. They can also be programmed usingIn-System-Programming (ISP). A IEEE1149.1-compliant JTAG interface is included on the μPSD. Withthis, the entire device can be rapidly programmed while soldered to the circuit board (Main Flash memory,Secondary Boot Flash memory, the PLD, and all configuration areas). This requires no MCU participation.The MCU is completely bypassed. So, the μPSD can be programmed or reprogrammed any time, anywhere, even when completely uncommitted.Both methods take place with the device in its normal hardware environment, soldered to a printed circuitboard. The IAP method cannot be used without previous use of ISP, because IAP utilizes a small amountof resident code to receive the service commands, and to perform the desired operations.

    标签: Demonstration 3200 USB for

    上传时间: 2014-02-27

    上传用户:zhangzhenyu