The contemporary view of the Smart City is very much static and infrastructure- centric, focusing on installation and subsequent management of Edge devices and analytics of data provided by these devices. While this still allows a more efficient management of the city’s infrastructure, optimizations and savings in different do- mains, the existing architectures are currently designed as single-purpose, vertically siloed solutions. This hinders active involvement of a variety of stakeholders (e.g., citizens and businesses) who naturally form part of the city’s ecosystem and have an inherent interest in jointly coordinating and influencing city-level activities.
标签： Internet Systems Cities People Things Smart The and of
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New applications such as video conferencing, video on demand, multi- media transcoders, Voice-over-IP (VoIP), intrusion detection, distributed collaboration, and intranet security require advanced functionality from networks beyond simple forwarding congestion control techniques.
标签： Programmable Networks Active and
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One traditional view of how wireless networks evolve is of a continuous, inevitable progres- sion to higher link speeds, combined with greater mobility over wider areas. This standpoint certainly captures the development from first and second generation cellular systems focused on voice support, and the early short-range wireless data networks, through to today’s 3G cellular and mobile broadband systems; there is every confidence that the trend will continue some way into the future.
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Emerging technologies such as WiFi and WiMAX are profoundly changing the landscape of wireless broadband. As we evolve into future generation wireless networks, a primary challenge is the support of high data rate, integrated multi- media type traffic over a unified platform. Due to its inherent advantages in high-speed communication, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become the modem of choice for a number of high profile wireless systems (e.g., DVB-T, WiFi, WiMAX, Ultra-wideband).
标签： Broadband Wireless Networks
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Employing multiple transmit and receive antennas, namely using multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, has proven to be a major breakthrough in providing reliable wireless communication links. Since their invention in the mid-1990s, transmit diversity, achieved through space-time coding, and spatial multiplexing schemes have been the focus of much research in the area of wireless communications.
标签： Communication Systems Coding MIMO for
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Today’s wireless services have come a long way since the roll out of the conventional voice-centric cellular systems. The demand for wireless access in voice and high rate data multi-media applications has been increasing. New generation wireless communication systems are aimed at accommodating this demand through better resource management and improved transmission technologies.
标签： Radio Cognitive Software Defined
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Mobile communication has gained significant importance in today’s society. As of 2010, the number of mobile phone subscribers has surpassed 5 billion [ABI10], and the global annual mobile revenue is soon expected to top $1 trillion [Inf10]. While these numbers appear promising for mobile operators at first sight, the major game-changer that has come up recently is the fact that the market is more and more driven by the demand for mobile data traffic [Cis10].
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During the past decade, many wireless communication techniques have been developedto achievevariousgoals suchas higherdata rate,morerobustlink quality, and higher number of users in a given bandwidth. For wireless communication systems, depending on the availability of a feedback link, two approaches can be considered: namely open and closed loop. Open loop communication system that does not exploit the channel knowledge at the transmitter is now well understood from both a theoretical and practical point of view.
标签： Communication Strategies Feedback Wireless for
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The writing of this book was prompted by two main developments in wireless communications in the past decade. First is the huge surge of research activities in physical-layer wireless communication theory. While this has been a subject of study since the 60’s, recent developments in the field, such as opportunistic and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication techniques, have brought completely new per- spectives on how to communicate over wireless channels.
标签： Communication Fundamentals Wireless of
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When digital media is perceived only as a tool to deliver content the potential for using its affordances to explore meaning is lost. Rather than seeing media only as an access point, we can view it as a way to enhance the expressiveness of content. Today blogs, wikis, messaging, mash-ups, and social media (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and others) offer authors ways to create narrative meaning that refl ects our new media culture. We can look to the past for similarities and parallels to better understand how to use social media as a creative tool with which to dialogue, collaborate, and create interactive narratives.
标签： Interactivity Social Media in
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