PCF2123是NXP公司推出的一款低功耗的CMOS实时时钟/日历芯片。该芯片具有SPI接口，数据通过SPI总线传输，总线速率高达6.25Mbit/s。PCF2123具有报警功能、定时器功能、时钟输出功能、中断输出功能以及时钟校准功能。PCF2123是一款性价比极高的时钟芯片，可用于电表、水表、电话、传真机、便携式仪器以及电池供电的仪器仪表等产品领域
上传时间： 2013-11-23
上传用户：windypsm
The CAT9555 is a CMOS device that provides 16-bitparallel input/output port expansion for I²C and SMBuscompatible applications. These I/O expanders providea simple solution in applications where additional I/Osare needed: sensors, power switches, LEDs,pushbuttons, and fans.
上传时间： 2014-01-09
上传用户：1101055045
基于单片机的LED汉字显示屏设计与制作：在大型商场、车站、码头、地铁站以及各类办事窗口等越来越多的场所需要用LED点阵显示图形和汉字。LED行业已成为一个快速发展的新兴产业，市场空间巨大，前景广阔。随着信息产业的高速发展，LED显示作为信息传播的一种重要手段，已广泛应用于室内外需要进行服务内容和服务宗旨宣传的公众场所，例如户内外公共场所广告宣传、机场车站旅客引导信息、公交车辆报站系统、证券与银行信息显示、餐馆报价信息豆示、高速公路可变情报板、体育场馆比赛转播、楼宇灯饰、交通信号灯、景观照明等。显然，LED显示已成为城市亮化、现代化和信息化社会的一个重要标志。 本文基于单片机(AT89C51)讲述了16×16 LED汉字点阵显示的基本原理、硬件组成与设计、程序编译与下载等基本环节和相关技术。2 硬件电路组成及工作原理本产品拟采用以AT89C51单片机为核心芯片的电路来实现，主要由AT89C51芯片、时钟电路、复位电路、列扫描驱动电路(74HC154)、16×16 LED点阵5部分组成，如图1所示。 其中，AT89C51是一种带4 kB闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器(Falsh Programmable and Erasable Read OnlyMemory，FPEROM)的低电压、高性能CMOS型8位微处理器，俗称单片机。该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造，与工业标准的MCS-51指令集和输出管脚相兼容。由于将多功能8位CPU和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中，能够进行1 000次写／擦循环，数据保留时间为10年。他是一种高效微控制器，为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了一种灵活性高且价廉的方案。因此，在智能化电子设计与制作过程中经常用到AT89C51芯片。时钟电路由AT89C51的18，19脚的时钟端(XTALl及XTAL2)以及12 MHz晶振X1、电容C2，C3组成，采用片内振荡方式。复位电路采用简易的上电复位电路，主要由电阻R1，R2，电容C1，开关K1组成，分别接至AT89C51的RST复位输入端。LED点阵显示屏采用16×16共256个象素的点阵，通过万用表检测发光二极管的方法测试判断出该点阵的引脚分布，如图2所示。 我们把行列总线接在单片机的IO口，然后把上面分析到的扫描代码送人总线，就可以得到显示的汉字了。但是若将LED点阵的行列端口全部直接接入89S51单片机，则需要使用32条IO口，这样会造成IO资源的耗尽，系统也再无扩充的余地。因此，我们在实际应用中只是将LED点阵的16条行线直接接在P0口和P2口，至于列选扫描信号则是由4-16线译码器74HC154来选择控制，这样一来列选控制只使用了单片机的4个IO口，节约了很多IO资源，为单片机系统扩充使用功能提供了条件。考虑到P0口必需设置上拉电阻，我们采用4.7 kΩ排电阻作为上拉电阻。
上传时间： 2013-10-16
上传用户：ywcftc277
本文介绍了ATmega128 单片机的基本功能，设计了以其为核心的永磁无刷直流电动机控制系统。充分利用它运算速度快、片内外设丰富的特点，采用PWM 方式，实现对无刷直流电动机的位置与速度控制，并给出了总体设计方案和相应的软件策略。传统的无刷直流电动机控制系统一般由分立的模拟器件构成。模拟控制系统使用方便，价格便宜，应用广泛。但是，模拟器件也有本质的缺陷：元器件特征参数受温度影响；器件的老化；不便于维护、无法升级。随着微处理器性能的不断提高，以其为核心的数字控制系统正逐渐应用于无刷直流电动机的控制，并取得了非常好的效果。它终将取代模拟控制系统。ATmega128 单片机是ATMEL 公司研发出的增强型内置Flash 的精简指令集CPU(RISC)高性能低功耗CMOS 微处理器。它片内集成了丰富的外设，大大简化了控制系统的硬件电路，提高了系统的性能，能满足电机控制系统的要求。本文探讨了无刷直流电动机的ATmega128单片机控制系统和无刷直流电动机的控制策略。
上传时间： 2014-01-20
上传用户：zhliu007
地弹的形成：芯片内部的地和芯片外的PCB地平面之间不可避免的会有一个小电感。这个小电感正是地弹产生的根源，同时，地弹又是与芯片的负载情况密切相关的。下面结合图介绍一下地弹现象的形成。 简单的构造如上图的一个小“场景”，芯片A为输出芯片，芯片B为接收芯片，输出端和输入端很近。输出芯片内部的CMOS等输入单元简单的等效为一个单刀双掷开关，RH和RL分别为高电平输出阻抗和低电平输出阻抗，均设为20欧。GNDA为芯片A内部的地。GNDPCB为芯片外PCB地平面。由于芯片内部的地要通过芯片内的引线和管脚才能接到GNDPCB，所以就会引入一个小电感LG，假设这个值为1nH。CR为接收端管脚电容，这个值取6pF。这个信号的频率取200MHz。虽然这个LG和CR都是很小的值，不过，通过后面的计算我们可以看到它们对信号的影响。先假设A芯片只有一个输出脚，现在Q输出高电平，接收端的CR上积累电荷。当Q输出变为低电平的时候。CR、RL、LG形成一个放电回路。自谐振周期约为490ps，频率为2GHz，Q值约为0.0065。使用EWB建一个仿真电路。（很老的一个软件，很多人已经不懈于使用了。不过我个人比较依赖它，关键是建模，模型参数建立正确的话仿真结果还是很可靠的，这个小软件帮我发现和解决过很多实际模拟电路中遇到的问题。这个软件比较小，有比较长的历史，也比较成熟，很容易上手。建议电子初入门的同学还是熟悉一下。）因为只关注下降沿，所以简单的构建下面一个电路。起初输出高电平，10纳秒后输出低电平。为方便起见，高电平输出设为3.3V，低电平是0V。（实际200M以上芯片IO电压会比较低，多采用1.5－2.5V。）
标签： 分
上传时间： 2013-10-17
上传用户：zhishenglu
82C54是专为Intel系列微处理机而设计的一种可编程时间间隔定时器/计数器，它是一种通用芯片，在系统软件中可以把多级定时元素当成输入/输出端口中的一个阵列看待。1. 与所有Intel系列兼容2. 操作速度高，与8MHz的8086、80186一起可实现“零等待状态”的操作。3. 可处理从直流到10M频率的输入。4. 适应性强5. 三个独立的16位计数器6. 低功耗的CHMOS7. 与TTL完全兼容8. 6 种可编程的计数模式9. 以二进制或BCD计数10. 状态读返回命令
上传时间： 2013-11-16
上传用户：elinuxzj
82C55A是高性能，工业标准，并行I/O的LSI外围芯片；提供24条I/O脚线。 在三种主要的操作方式下分组进行程序设计82C88A的几个特点：(1)与所有Intel系列微处理器兼容；(2)有较高的操作速度；(3)24条可编程I/O脚线；(4)底功耗的CHMOS；(5)与TTL兼容；(6)拥有控制字读回功能；（7）拥有直接置位/复位功能；（8）在所有I/O输出端口有2.5mA DC驱动能力；（9）适应性强。方式0操作称为简单I/O操作，是指端口的信号线可工作在电平敏感输入方式或锁存输出。所以，须将控制寄存器设计为：控制寄存器中:D7=1; D6 D5=00; D2=0。D7位为1代表一个有效的方式。通过对D4 D3 D1和D0的置位/复位来实现端口A及端口B是输入或输出。P56表2-1列出了操作方式0端口管脚功能。
上传时间： 2013-10-26
上传用户：brilliantchen
In this document, the term Ô60xÕ is used to denote a 32-bit microprocessor from the PowerPC architecture family that conforms to the bus interface of the PowerPC 601ª, PowerPC 603ª, or PowerPC 604 microprocessors. Note that this does not include the PowerPC 602ª microprocessor which has a multiplexed address/data bus. 60x processors implement the PowerPC architecture as it is speciÞed for 32-bit addressing, which provides 32-bit effective (logical) addresses, integer data types of 8, 16, and 32 bits,and ßoating-point data types of 32 and 64 bits (single-precision and double-precision).1.1 Overview The MPC106 provides an integrated high-bandwidth, high-performance, TTL-compatible interface between a 60x processor, a secondary (L2) cache or additional (up to four total) 60x processors, the PCI bus,and main memory. This section provides a block diagram showing the major functional units of the 106 and describes brießy how those units interact.Figure 1 shows the major functional units within the 106. Note that this is a conceptual block diagram intended to show the basic features rather than an attempt to show how these features are physically implemented on the device.
上传时间： 2013-10-08
上传用户：18711024007
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
上传时间： 2013-10-23
上传用户：copu
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.
上传时间： 2014-04-02
上传用户：han_zh
