采用现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)可以快速实现数字电路，但是用于生成FPGA编程的比特流文件的CAD工具在编制大规模电路时常常需要数小时的时间，以至于许多设计者甚至通过在给定FPGA上采用更多的资源，或者以牺牲电路速度为代价来提高编制速度。电路编制过程中大部分时间花费在布线阶段，因此有效的布线算法能极大地减少布线时间。 许多布线算法已经被开发并获得应用，其中布尔可满足性(SAT)布线算法及几何查找布线算法是当前最为流行的两种。然而它们各有缺点：基于SAT的布线算法在可扩展性上有很大缺陷；几何查找布线算法虽然具有广泛的拆线重布线能力，但当实际问题具有严格的布线约束条件时，它在布线方案的收敛方面存在很大困难。基于此，本文致力于探索一种能有效解决以上问题的新型算法，具体研究工作和结果可归纳如下。 1、在全面调查FPGA结构的最新研究动态的基础上，确定了一种FPGA布线结构模型，即一个基于SRAM的对称阵列(岛状)FPGA结构作为研究对象，该模型仅需3个适合的参数即能表示布线结构。为使所有布线算法可在相同平台上运行，选择了美国北卡罗来纳州微电子中心的20个大规模电路作为基准，并在布线前采用VPR399对每个电路都生成30个布局，从而使所有的布线算法都能够直接在这些预制电路上运行。 2、详细研究了四种几何查找布线算法，即一种基本迷宫布线算法Lee，一种基于协商的性能驱动的布线算法PathFinder，一种快速的时延驱动的布线算法VPR430和一种协商A
上传时间： 2013-05-18
上传用户：ukuk
This document was developed under the Standard Hardware and Reliability Program (SHARP) TechnologyIndependent Representation of Electronic Products (TIREP) project. It is intended for use by VHSIC HardwareDescription Language (VHDL) design engineers and is offered as guidance for the development of VHDL modelswhich are compliant with the VHDL Data Item Description (DID DI-EGDS-80811) and which can be providedto manufacturing engineering personnel for the development of production data and the subsequent productionof hardware. Most VHDL modeling performed to date has been concentrated at either the component level orat the conceptual system level. The assembly and sub-assembly levels have been largely disregarded. Under theSHARP TIREP project, an attempt has been made to help close this gap. The TIREP models are based upon lowcomplexity Standard Electronic Modules (SEM) of the format A configuration. Although these modules are quitesimple, it is felt that the lessons learned offer guidance which can readily be applied to a wide range of assemblytypes and complexities.
上传时间： 2014-12-23
上传用户：xinhaoshan2016
LM393是双电压比较器集成电路。中文资料 该电路的特点如下：838电子 工作电源电压范围宽，单电源、双电源均可工作，单电源：2～36V，双电源:±1～±18V； 消耗电流小，Icc=0.8mA；lm393是什么 输入失调电压小，VIO=±2mV； 共模输入电压范围宽，Vic=0～Vcc-1.5V； 输出与TTL，DTL，MOS，CMOS 等兼容； 输出可以用开路集电极连接“或”门；
上传时间： 2013-11-14
上传用户：lxm
Most circuit designers are familiar with diode dynamiccharacteristics such as charge storage, voltage dependentcapacitance and reverse recovery time. Less commonlyacknowledged and manufacturer specifi ed is diode forwardturn-on time. This parameter describes the timerequired for a diode to turn on and clamp at its forwardvoltage drop. Historically, this extremely short time, unitsof nanoseconds, has been so small that user and vendoralike have essentially ignored it. It is rarely discussed andalmost never specifi ed. Recently, switching regulator clockrate and transition time have become faster, making diodeturn-on time a critical issue. Increased clock rates aremandated to achieve smaller magnetics size; decreasedtransition times somewhat aid overall effi ciency but areprincipally needed to minimize IC heat rise. At clock speedsbeyond about 1MHz, transition time losses are the primarysource of die heating.
上传时间： 2013-10-10
上传用户：谁偷了我的麦兜
The MAX2691 low-noise amplifier (LNA) is designed forGPS L2 applications. Designed in Maxim’s advancedSiGe process, the device achieves high gain andlow noise figure while maximizing the input-referred 1dBcompression point and the 3rd-order intercept point. TheMAX2691 provides a high gain of 17.5dB and sub 1dBnoise figure.
标签： Amplifier Low-Noise 2691 Band
上传时间： 2014-12-04
上传用户：zaocan888
One of the most critical components in a step-up design like Figure 1 is the transformer. Transformers have parasitic components that can cause them to deviate from their ideal characteristics, and the parasitic capacitance associated with the secondary can cause large resonating current spikes on the leading edge of the switch current waveform.
上传时间： 2013-11-22
上传用户：15070202241
2-1 何谓测量放大电路？对其基本要求是什么？ 在测量控制系统中，用来放大传感器输出的微弱电压，电流或电荷信号的放大电路称为测量放大电路，亦称仪用放大电路。对其基本要求是：①输入阻抗应与传感器输出阻抗相匹配；②一定的放大倍数和稳定的增益；③低噪声；④低的输入失调电压和输入失调电流以及低的漂移；⑤足够的带宽和转换速率（无畸变的放大瞬态信号）；⑥高输入共模范围（如达几百伏）和高共模抑制比；⑦可调的闭环增益；⑧线性好、精度高；⑨成本低。 2-2 图2-2a所示斩波稳零放大电路中，为什么采用高、低频两个通道，即R3、C3组成的高频通道和调制、解调、交流放大器组成的低频通道？ 采用高频通道是为了使斩波稳零放大电路能在较宽的频率范围内工作，而采用低频通道则能对微弱的直流或缓慢变化的信号进行低漂移和高精度的放大。 2-3 请参照图2-3，根据手册中LF347和CD4066的连接图（即引脚图），将集成运算放大器LF347和集成模拟开关CD4066接成自动调零放大电路。 LF347和CD4066接成的自动调零放大电路如图X2-1。
标签： 信号放大电路
上传时间： 2013-10-09
上传用户：ysjing
Abstract: Stuxnet, a sophisticated virus that damaged Iran's nuclear capability, should be an eye openerfor the world. We can choose to learn something very narrow (how to combat the Stuxnet virus) or wecan choose to focus on the larger goal of thwarting the next type of creative cyber attack. Unfortunately,critical industrial infrastructure is not currently designed with security as a key goal, leaving open multipleavenues for an educated and funded attacker to create massive problems. This tutorial outlines somebasic concepts that engineers and product definers should consider to make sure their new projects stayahead of future threats.
上传时间： 2013-11-17
上传用户：llwap
Abstract: Investment in smart meters and smart grid end equipment continues to grow worldwide as countriestry to make their electric delivery systems more efficient. However, as critical as the electric deliveryinfrastructure is, it is normally not secured and thus subject to attack. This article describes the concept oflife-cycle security—the idea that embedded equipment in the smart grid must have security designed into theentire life of the product, even back to the contract manufacturer. We also talk about how life-cycle securityapplies to embedded equipment in the smart grid. Potential threats are discussed, as are potential solutionsto mitigate the risks posed by those threats.
上传时间： 2014-12-24
上传用户：熊少锋
为了改变目前电网现场作业管理的变电巡检、变电检修试验、输电线路巡检检修等管理系统各自独立运行，信息不能共享，功能、效率受限，建设和维护成本高的现状，提出了采用B/S+C/S构架模式，将各现场作业管理模块和生产MIS（管理系统）集成为一体的现场作业管理系统的设计方案，做到各子系统和生产MIS软硬资源共享，做到同一数据唯一入口、一处录入多处使用。各子系统设备人员等基础信息来源于生产管理系统，各子系统又是生产管理系统的作业数据、缺陷信息的重要来源。经过研究试用成功和推广应用，目前该系统已在江西电网220 kV及以上变电站全面应用。 Abstract: In order to improve the status that the substation field inspection system， substation equipments maintenance and testing system， power-line inspection and maintenance system are running independent with each other. They can?蒺t share the resource information which accordingly constrains their functions and efficiency， and their construction and maintenance costs are high. This paper introduces a field standardized work management system based on B/S+C/S mode， integrating all field work management systems based on MIS and share the equipments and employee?蒺s data of MIS，the field work data of the sub systems are the source information of MIS， by which the same single data resouce with one-time input can be utilized in multiple places. After the research and testing， this system is triumphantly using in all 220kV and above substations in Jiangxi grid.
上传时间： 2013-11-15
上传用户：han_zh
