We present a particle filter construction for a system that exhibits time-scale separation. The separation of time-scales allows two simplifications that we exploit: i) The use of the averaging principle for the dimensional reduction of the system needed to solve for each particle and ii) the factorization of the transition probability which allows the Rao-Blackwellization of the filtering step. Both simplifications can be implemented using the coarse projective integration framework. The resulting particle filter is faster and has smaller variance than the particle filter based on the original system. The convergence of the new particle filter to the analytical filter for the original system is proved and some numerical results are provided.
标签： construction separation time-scale particle
上传时间： 2016-01-02
上传用户：fhzm5658
摘要：介绍了以FreeModbus协议找在嵌入式抢占实时操作系统μC/OS-l的STM32平台上，成功实现了Modbus协议的移植。通过详细分析FreeModbus协议花并编写STM32F103VET6微处理器的底层驱动，成功实现了工业Modbus协议RTU和ASCll两种模式的通信功能。测试结果表明，在实际工业生产控制和仪表开发中，应用Freemodbus协议，完全符合工业数据采集、实时控制和数据处理等厂级重复性和精确度要求，在一定程度上降低了工业仪表开发的周期及成本。关键词：实时操作系统，uC/OS-ll，FreeModbus，Modbus协议，STM32Abstract:This paper introduces FreeModbus stack transplanted to the STM32 platform which has been embedded in the preemptive real-time operating system uC/OS-ll，in order that the transplantation of the Modbus protocol is successfuly im-plemented.The FreeModbus stack is analyzed in detail and STM32F103VET6 microprocessor underlying driver is writed，so that the two Modbus industrial communication function RTU and ASCll are successfully realized.Keywords:time operating system，uC/OS-ll，.FreeModbus，Modbus协议，STM32
标签： freemodbus 通信协议
上传时间： 2022-06-25
上传用户：
北京航空航天大学出版社，深入浅出ARM7--LPC213x214x下册，周立功等编著。本书全面介绍了以LPC213x/LPC214x两个系列ARM芯片为硬件平台的各种应用开发，详细分析了嵌入式实时操作系统μC/OS-II在ARM7上的移植和应用。第101-180页。
上传时间： 2013-06-11
上传用户：tianjinfan
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
上传时间： 2013-10-23
上传用户：copu
这个是Uc/OS－II的中文书，对uc/OS-II进行开发比较有帮助的
上传时间： 2013-11-29
上传用户：gaojiao1999
The government of a small but important country has decided that the alphabet needs to be streamlined and reordered. Uppercase letters will be eliminated. They will issue a royal decree in the form of a String of B and A characters. The first character in the decree specifies whether a must come ( B )Before b in the new alphabet or ( A )After b . The second character determines the relative placement of b and c , etc. So, for example, "BAA" means that a must come Before b , b must come After c , and c must come After d . Any letters beyond these requirements are to be excluded, so if the decree specifies k comparisons then the new alphabet will contain the first k+1 lowercase letters of the current alphabet. Create a class Alphabet that contains the method choices that takes the decree as input and returns the number of possible new alphabets that conform to the decree. If more than 1,000,000,000 are possible, return -1. Definition
标签： government streamline important alphabet
上传时间： 2015-06-09
上传用户：weixiao99
MISRA (The Motor Industry Software Reliability Association 汽车工业软件可靠性联会) 是位于英国的一个跨国汽车工业协会，其成员包括了大部分欧美汽车生产商。其核心使命是为汽车工业提供服务和协助，帮助厂方开发安全的、高可靠性的嵌入式软件。这个组织最出名的成果是所谓的MISRA C Coding Standard，这一标准中包括了127条C语言编码标准，通常认为，如果能够完全遵守这些标准，则你的C代码是易读、可靠、可移植和易于维护的。最近很多嵌入式开发者都以MISRA C来衡量自己的编码风格，比如著名的uC/OS-II就得意地宣称自己99％遵守MISRA标准。而《嵌入式开发杂志》也专门载文号召大家学习。编码规范通常是一个公司自定的“土政策”，居然有人去做标准，而且还得到广泛的认可，这不禁引起我强烈的兴趣。可惜这份标准的文本需要花钱去买，而且短短几十页，要价非常昂贵。MISRA在网上公布了一些文档，其中有关于MISRA C Coding Standard的Clarification报告，从中间你可以大致猜到MISRA标准本身是什么。
标签： Association Reliability Industry Software
上传时间： 2013-12-27
上传用户：wangzhen1990
* 高斯列主元素消去法求解矩阵方程AX=B,其中A是N*N的矩阵,B是N*M矩阵 * 输入: n----方阵A的行数 * a----矩阵A * m----矩阵B的列数 * b----矩阵B * 输出: det----矩阵A的行列式值 * a----A消元后的上三角矩阵 * b----矩阵方程的解X
上传时间： 2015-07-26
上传用户：xauthu
/* * EULER S ALGORITHM 5.1 * * TO APPROXIMATE THE SOLUTION OF THE INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM: * Y = F(T,Y), A<=T<=B, Y(A) = ALPHA, * AT N+1 EQUALLY SPACED POINTS IN THE INTERVAL [A,B]. * * INPUT: ENDPOINTS A,B INITIAL CONDITION ALPHA INTEGER N. * * OUTPUT: APPROXIMATION W TO Y AT THE (N+1) VALUES OF T. */
标签： APPROXIMATE ALGORITHM THE SOLUTION
上传时间： 2015-08-20
上传用户：zhangliming420
Implemented BFS, DFS and A* To compile this project, use the following command: g++ -o search main.cpp Then you can run it: ./search The input is loaded from a input file in.txt Here is the format of the input file: The first line of the input file shoud contain two chars indicate the source and destination city for breadth first and depth first algorithm. The second line of input file shoud be an integer m indicate the number of connections for the map. Following m lines describe the map, each line represents to one connection in this form: dist city1 city2, which means there is a connection between city1 and city2 with the distance dist. The following input are for A* The following line contains two chars indicate the source and destination city for A* algorithm. Then there is an integer h indicate the number of heuristic. The following h lines is in the form: city dist which means the straight-line distance from the city to B is dist.
标签： Implemented following compile command
上传时间： 2014-01-01
上传用户：lhc9102
