The C500 microcontroller family usually provides only one on-chip synchronous serialchannel (SSC). If a second SSC is required, an emulation of the missing interface mayhelp to avoid an external hardware solution with additional electronic components.The solution presented in this paper and in the attached source files emulates the mostimportant SSC functions by using optimized SW routines with a performance up to 25KBaud in Slave Mode with half duplex transmission and an overhead less than 60% atSAB C513 with 12 MHz. Due to the implementation in C this performance is not the limitof the chip. A pure implementation in assembler will result in a strong reduction of theCPU load and therefore increase the maximum speed of the interface. In addition,microcontrollers like the SAB C505 will speed up the interface by a factor of two becauseof an optimized architecture compared with the SAB C513.Moreover, this solution lays stress on using as few on-chip hardware resources aspossible. A more excessive consumption of those resources will result in a highermaximum speed of the emulated interface.Due to the restricted performance of an 8 bit microcontroller a pin compatible solution isprovided only; the internal register based programming interface is replaced by a set ofsubroutine calls.The attached source files also contain a test shell, which demonstrates how to exchangeinformation between an on-chip HW-SSC and the emulated SW-SSC via 5 external wiresin different operation modes. It is based on the SAB C513 (Siemens 8 bit microcontroller).A table with load measurements is presented to give an indication for the fraction of CPUperformance required by software for emulating the SSC.
标签： synchronous Emulating serial
上传时间： 2014-01-31
上传用户：z1191176801
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
上传时间： 2013-10-23
上传用户：copu
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.
上传时间： 2014-04-02
上传用户：han_zh
Abstract: This application note explains the hardware of different types of 1-Wire® interfaces and software examples adapted to this hardware with a focus on serial ports. Depending on the types of iButtons required for a project and the type of computer to be used, the most economical interface is easily found. The hardware examples shown are basically two different types: 5V general interface and 12V RS-232 interface. Within the 5V group a common printed circuit board could be used for all circuits described. The variations can be achieved by different populations of components. The same principal is used for the 12V RS-232 interface. The population determines if it is a Read all or a Read/Write all type of interface. There are other possible circuit implementations to create a 1-Wire interface. The circuits described in this application note cover many different configurations. For a custom application, one of the described options can be adapted to meet individual needs.
标签： iButtons Reading Writing and
上传时间： 2013-10-29
上传用户：long14578
The 87LPC76X Microcontroller combines in a small package thebenefits of a high-performance microcontroller with on-boardhardware supporting the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus interface.The 87LPC76X can be programmed both as an I2C bus master, aslave, or both. An overview of the I2C bus and description of the bussupport hardware in the 87LPC76X microcontrollers appears inapplication note AN464, Using the 87LPC76X Microcontroller as anI2C Bus Master. That application note includes a programmingexample, demonstrating a bus-master code. Here we show anexample of programming the microcontroller as an I2C slave.The code listing demonstrates communications routines for the87LPC76X as a slave on the I2C bus. It compliments the program inAN464 which demonstrates the 87LPC76X as an I2C bus master.One may demonstrate two 87LPC76X devices communicating witheach other on the I2C bus, using the AN464 code in one, and theprogram presented here in the other. The examples presented hereand in AN464 allow the 87LPC76X to be either a master or a slave,but not both. Switching between master and slave roles in amultimaster environment is described in application note AN435.The software for a slave on the bus is relatively simple, as theprocessor plays a relatively passive role. It does not initiate bustransfers on its own, but responds to a master initiating thecommunications. This is true whether the slave receives or transmitsdata—transmission takes place only as a response to a busmaster’s request. The slave does not have to worry about arbitrationor about devices which do not acknowledge their address. As theslave is not supposed to take control of the bus, we do not demandit to resolve bus exceptions or “hangups”. If the bus becomesinactive the processor simply withdraws, not interfering with themaster (or masters) on the bus which should (hopefully) try toresolve the situation.
上传时间： 2013-11-19
上传用户：shirleyYim
I2C interface, is a very powerful tool for system designers. Theintegrated protocols allow systems to be completely software defined.Software development time of different products can be reduced byassembling a library of reusable software modules. In addition, themultimaster capability allows rapid testing and alignment ofend-products via external connections to an assembly-line computer.The mask programmable 87LPC76X and its EPROM version, the87LPC76X, can operate as a master or a slave device on the I2Csmall area network. In addition to the efficient interface to thededicated function ICs in the I2C family, the on-board interfacefacilities I/O and RAM expansion, access to EEPROM andprocessor-to-processor communications.
标签： microcontro Using 76X LPC
上传时间： 2013-12-30
上传用户：Artemis
5.1 中断基本概念5.1.1 中断基本概念定义：CPU暂停现行程序，转而处理随机到来的事件，待处理完后再回到被暂停的程序继续执行，这个过程就是中断。中断过程：中断处理的隐操作：程序状态及程序断点地址的进栈及出栈。 中断系统其他功能： 支持多中断源和多种中断源。 支持中断屏蔽处理。 支持中断嵌套处理。 支持中断优先级修改。 支持中断结束方式选择。5.1.2 中断类型1.外部硬件(如键盘、鼠标，串口，并口打印机等）中断属性：硬件、可屏蔽、向量。 中断请求：多个中断请求的排队和判优由中断控制器完成，产生的有无中断请求的信号送到CPU的INTR引脚。 中断类型号：通过数据总线送到CPU中。EFLAGS寄存器的IF位影响CPU对中断请求的响应。处理器在当前指令执行结束的时候启动中断识别INTA总线周期。
标签： 中断技术
上传时间： 2013-11-09
上传用户：黄婷婷思密达
串行编程器源程序(Keil C语言)//FID=01:AT89C2051系列编程器//实现编程的读，写，擦等细节//AT89C2051的特殊处:给XTAL一个脉冲，地址计数加1;P1的引脚排列与AT89C51相反，需要用函数转换#include <e51pro.h> #define C2051_P3_7 P1_0#define C2051_P1 P0//注意引脚排列相反#define C2051_P3_0 P1_1#define C2051_P3_1 P1_2#define C2051_XTAL P1_4#define C2051_P3_2 P1_5#define C2051_P3_3 P1_6#define C2051_P3_4 P1_7#define C2051_P3_5 P3_5 void InitPro01()//编程前的准备工作{ SetVpp0V(); P0=0xff; P1=0xff; C2051_P3_5=1; C2051_XTAL=0; Delay_ms(20); nAddress=0x0000; SetVpp5V();} void ProOver01()//编程结束后的工作，设置合适的引脚电平{ SetVpp5V(); P0=0xff; P1=0xff; C2051_P3_5=1; C2051_XTAL=1;} BYTE GetData()//从P0口获得数据{ B_0=P0_7; B_1=P0_6; B_2=P0_5; B_3=P0_4; B_4=P0_3; B_5=P0_2; B_6=P0_1; B_7=P0_0; return B;} void SetData(BYTE DataByte)//转换并设置P0口的数据{ B=DataByte; P0_0=B_7; P0_1=B_6; P0_2=B_5; P0_3=B_4; P0_4=B_3; P0_5=B_2; P0_6=B_1; P0_7=B_0;} void ReadSign01()//读特征字{ InitPro01(); Delay_ms(1);//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //根据器件的DataSheet，设置相应的编程控制信号 C2051_P3_3=0; C2051_P3_4=0; C2051_P3_5=0; C2051_P3_7=0; Delay_ms(20); ComBuf[2]=GetData(); C2051_XTAL=1; C2051_XTAL=0; Delay_us(20); ComBuf[3]=GetData(); ComBuf[4]=0xff;//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ProOver01();} void Erase01()//擦除器件{ InitPro01();//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //根据器件的DataSheet，设置相应的编程控制信号 C2051_P3_3=1; C2051_P3_4=0; C2051_P3_5=0; C2051_P3_7=0; Delay_ms(1); SetVpp12V(); Delay_ms(1); C2051_P3_2=0; Delay_ms(10); C2051_P3_2=1; Delay_ms(1);//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ProOver01();} BOOL Write01(BYTE Data)//写器件{//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //根据器件的DataSheet，设置相应的编程控制信号 //写一个单元 C2051_P3_3=0; C2051_P3_4=1; C2051_P3_5=1; C2051_P3_7=1; SetData(Data); SetVpp12V(); Delay_us(20); C2051_P3_2=0; Delay_us(20); C2051_P3_2=1; Delay_us(20); SetVpp5V(); Delay_us(20); C2051_P3_4=0; Delay_ms(2); nTimeOut=0; P0=0xff; nTimeOut=0; while(!GetData()==Data)//效验:循环读，直到读出与写入的数相同 { nTimeOut++; if(nTimeOut>1000)//超时了 { return 0; } } C2051_XTAL=1; C2051_XTAL=0;//一个脉冲指向下一个单元//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- return 1;} BYTE Read01()//读器件{ BYTE Data;//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //根据器件的DataSheet，设置相应的编程控制信号 //读一个单元 C2051_P3_3=0; C2051_P3_4=0; C2051_P3_5=1; C2051_P3_7=1; Data=GetData(); C2051_XTAL=1; C2051_XTAL=0;//一个脉冲指向下一个单元//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- return Data;} void Lock01()//写锁定位{ InitPro01();//先设置成编程状态//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- //根据器件的DataSheet，设置相应的编程控制信号 if(ComBuf[2]>=1)//ComBuf[2]为锁定位 { C2051_P3_3=1; C2051_P3_4=1; C2051_P3_5=1; C2051_P3_7=1; Delay_us(20); SetVpp12V(); Delay_us(20); C2051_P3_2=0; Delay_us(20); C2051_P3_2=1; Delay_us(20); SetVpp5V(); } if(ComBuf[2]>=2) { C2051_P3_3=1; C2051_P3_4=1; C2051_P3_5=0; C2051_P3_7=0; Delay_us(20); SetVpp12V(); Delay_us(20); C2051_P3_2=0; Delay_us(20); C2051_P3_2=1; Delay_us(20); SetVpp5V(); }//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ProOver01();} void PreparePro01()//设置pw中的函数指针，让主程序可以调用上面的函数{ pw.fpInitPro=InitPro01; pw.fpReadSign=ReadSign01; pw.fpErase=Erase01; pw.fpWrite=Write01; pw.fpRead=Read01; pw.fpLock=Lock01; pw.fpProOver=ProOver01;}
上传时间： 2013-11-12
上传用户：gut1234567
#include <at24c01a.h>/*************************************************向24C01A写入一个字节输入：E2ROM地址，字节数据******************************************************/void write24c01a(uchar uadd_1,uchar udata_1){sendbyte=0xa0;start();send(sendbyte);if (!ack())continue;send(uadd_1);if (!ack())continue;send(udata_1)if (!ack())continue;stop();}/**********************************发送开始*****************************************/void start(void){a_scl=1;a_sda=1;a_sda=0;a_scl=0;a_scl=1;}/********************************************发送停止*******************************************/void stop(void){a_scl=0;a_sda=0;a_scl=1;a_sda=1;} /*********************************************发送反馈************************************************/bit ack(void){int a_acka_scl=0;a_scl=0;a_scl=0;a_scl=1;a_ack=a_sda;a_scl=0;return(a_ack)}/**************************************发送无反馈********************************************/bit noack(void){int a_ack;a_scl=1;a_scl=1;a_scl=0;}/*******************************************发送****************************************************/void send(uchar undata){uchar i;sendbyte=undatafor(i=8;i>0;i--){a_sda=sendbyte7;a_scl=0;a_scl=1;sendbyte=sendbyte<<1}}/********************************************接受****************************************************/ void receive(void){int i;uchar data;for(i=8;i>0;i--){ a_scl=1;receivebyte7=a_sda;a_scl=0;receivebyte=receivebyte>>1}receivedata=receivebyte;}/********************************************向 24c01a读一个字节；输入：EEROM地址；输出：EEROM数据；********************************************/void read24c01a(uchar counter){receivebyte=0xa1;start();send(receivebyte);if (!ack())continue;send(counter);if (!ack())continue;receive()noack();stop();}
上传时间： 2013-12-23
上传用户：wxhwjf
1、程序的基本格式先介绍二条伪指令：EQU ——标号赋值伪指令ORG ——地址定义伪指令PIC16C5X在RESET后指令计算器PC被置为全“1”，所以PIC16C5X几种型号芯片的复位地址为：PIC16C54/55：1FFHPIC16C56：3FFHPIC16C57/58：7FFH一般来说，PIC的源程序并没有要求统一的格式，大家可以根据自己的风格来编写。但这里我们推荐一种清晰明了的格式TITLE This is ⋯⋯ ；程序标题；--------------------------------------；名称定义和变量定义；--------------------------------------F0 EQU 0RTCC EQU 1PC EQU 2STATUS EQU 3FSR EQU 4RA EQU 5RB EQU 6RC EQU 7┋PIC16C54 EQU 1FFH ；芯片复位地址PIC16C56 EQU 3FFHPIC16C57 EQU 7FFH；-----------------------------------------ORG PIC16C54 GOTO MAIN ；在复位地址处转入主程序ORG 0 ；在0000H开始存放程序；-----------------------------------------；子程序区；-----------------------------------------DELAY MOVLW 255┋RETLW 0；------------------------------------------；主程序区；------------------------------------------MAINMOVLW B‘00000000’TRIS RB ；RB已由伪指令定义为6，即B口┋LOOPBSF RB，7 CALL DELAYBCF RB，7 CALL DELAY┋GOTO LOOP；-------------------------------------------END ；程序结束注:MAIN标号一定要处在0页面内。2、程序设计基础
上传时间： 2013-11-14
上传用户：cjf0304
