波长信号的解调是实现光纤光栅传感网络的关键，基于现有的光纤光栅传感器解调方法，提出一种基于FPGA的双匹配光纤光栅解调方法，此系统是一种高速率、高精度、低成本的解调系统，并且通过引入双匹配光栅有效地克服了双值问题同时扩大了检测范围。分析了光纤光栅的测温原理并给出了该方案软硬件设计，综合考虑系统的解调精度和FPGA的处理速度给出了基于拉格朗日的曲线拟合算法。 Abstract: Sensor is one of the most important application of the fiber grating. Wavelength signal demodulating is the key techniques to carry out fiber grating sensing network， based on several existing methods of fiber grating sensor demodulation inadequate， a two-match fiber grating demodulation method was presented. This system is a high-speed， high precision， low-cost demodulation system. And by introducing a two-match grating effectively overcomes the problem of double value while expands the scope of testing. This paper analyzes the principle of fiber Bragg grating temperature and gives the software and hardware design of the program. Considering the system of demodulation accuracy and processing speed of FPGA，this paper gives the curve fitting algorithm based on Lagrange.
上传时间： 2013-10-10
上传用户：zxc23456789
Prakash Rashinkar has over 15 years experience in system design and verificationof embedded systems for communication satellites, launch vehicles and spacecraftground systems, high-performance computing, switching, multimedia, and wirelessapplications. Prakash graduated with an MSEE from Regional Engineering College,Warangal, in India. He lead the team that was responsible for delivering themethodologies for SOC verification at Cadence Design Systems. Prakash is anactive member of the VSIA Functional Verification DWG. He is currently Architectin the Vertical Markets and Design Environments Group at Cadence.
上传时间： 2013-11-19
上传用户：m62383408
数字与模拟电路设计技巧IC与LSI的功能大幅提升使得高压电路与电力电路除外，几乎所有的电路都是由半导体组件所构成，虽然半导体组件高速、高频化时会有EMI的困扰，不过为了充分发挥半导体组件应有的性能，电路板设计与封装技术仍具有决定性的影响。 模拟与数字技术的融合由于IC与LSI半导体本身的高速化，同时为了使机器达到正常动作的目的，因此技术上的跨越竞争越来越激烈。虽然构成系统的电路未必有clock设计，但是毫无疑问的是系统的可靠度是建立在电子组件的选用、封装技术、电路设计与成本，以及如何防止噪讯的产生与噪讯外漏等综合考虑。机器小型化、高速化、多功能化使得低频/高频、大功率信号/小功率信号、高输出阻抗/低输出阻抗、大电流/小电流、模拟/数字电路，经常出现在同一个高封装密度电路板，设计者身处如此的环境必需面对前所未有的设计思维挑战，例如高稳定性电路与吵杂(noisy)性电路为邻时，如果未将噪讯入侵高稳定性电路的对策视为设计重点，事后反复的设计变更往往成为无解的梦魇。模拟电路与高速数字电路混合设计也是如此，假设微小模拟信号增幅后再将full scale 5V的模拟信号，利用10bit A/D转换器转换成数字信号，由于分割幅宽祇有4.9mV，因此要正确读取该电压level并非易事，结果造成10bit以上的A/D转换器面临无法顺利运作的窘境。另一典型实例是使用示波器量测某数字电路基板两点相隔10cm的ground电位，理论上ground电位应该是零，然而实际上却可观测到4.9mV数倍甚至数十倍的脉冲噪讯(pulse noise)，如果该电位差是由模拟与数字混合电路的grand所造成的话，要测得4.9 mV的信号根本是不可能的事情，也就是说为了使模拟与数字混合电路顺利动作，必需在封装与电路设计有相对的对策，尤其是数字电路switching时，ground vance noise不会入侵analogue ground的防护对策，同时还需充分检讨各电路产生的电流回路(route)与电流大小，依此结果排除各种可能的干扰因素。以上介绍的实例都是设计模拟与数字混合电路时经常遇到的瓶颈，如果是设计12bit以上A/D转换器时，它的困难度会更加复杂。
上传时间： 2014-02-12
上传用户：wenyuoo
PCB 被动组件的隐藏特性解析 传统上，EMC一直被视为「黑色魔术（black magic）」。其实，EMC是可以藉由数学公式来理解的。不过，纵使有数学分析方法可以利用，但那些数学方程式对实际的EMC电路设计而言，仍然太过复杂了。幸运的是，在大多数的实务工作中，工程师并不需要完全理解那些复杂的数学公式和存在于EMC规范中的学理依据，只要藉由简单的数学模型，就能够明白要如何达到EMC的要求。本文藉由简单的数学公式和电磁理论，来说明在印刷电路板（PCB）上被动组件（passivecomponent）的隐藏行为和特性，这些都是工程师想让所设计的电子产品通过EMC标准时，事先所必须具备的基本知识。导线和PCB走线导线（wire）、走线（trace）、固定架……等看似不起眼的组件，却经常成为射频能量的最佳发射器（亦即，EMI的来源）。每一种组件都具有电感，这包含硅芯片的焊线（bond wire）、以及电阻、电容、电感的接脚。每根导线或走线都包含有隐藏的寄生电容和电感。这些寄生性组件会影响导线的阻抗大小，而且对频率很敏感。依据LC 的值（决定自共振频率）和PCB走线的长度，在某组件和PCB走线之间，可以产生自共振（self-resonance），因此，形成一根有效率的辐射天线。在低频时，导线大致上只具有电阻的特性。但在高频时，导线就具有电感的特性。因为变成高频后，会造成阻抗大小的变化，进而改变导线或PCB 走线与接地之间的EMC 设计，这时必需使用接地面（ground plane）和接地网格（ground grid）。导线和PCB 走线的最主要差别只在于，导线是圆形的，走线是长方形的。导线或走线的阻抗包含电阻R和感抗XL = 2πfL，在高频时，此阻抗定义为Z = R + j XL j2πfL，没有容抗Xc = 1/2πfC存在。频率高于100 kHz以上时，感抗大于电阻，此时导线或走线不再是低电阻的连接线，而是电感。一般而言，在音频以上工作的导线或走线应该视为电感，不能再看成电阻，而且可以是射频天线。
上传时间： 2013-11-16
上传用户：极客
本文将接续介绍电源与功率电路基板，以及数字电路基板导线设计。宽带与高频电路基板导线设计a.输入阻抗1MHz，平滑性(flatness)50MHz 的OP增幅器电路基板图26 是由FET 输入的高速OP 增幅器OPA656 构成的高输入阻抗OP 增幅电路，它的gain取决于R1、R2，本电路图的电路定数为2 倍。此外为改善平滑性特别追加设置可以加大噪讯gain，抑制gain-频率特性高频领域时峰值的R3。图26 高输入阻抗的宽带OP增幅电路图27 是高输入阻抗OP 增幅器的电路基板图案。降低高速OP 增幅器反相输入端子与接地之间的浮游容量非常重要，所以本电路的浮游容量设计目标低于0.5pF。如果上述部位附着大浮游容量的话，会成为高频领域的频率特性产生峰值的原因，严重时频率甚至会因为feedback 阻抗与浮游容量，造成feedback 信号的位相延迟，最后导致频率特性产生波动现象。此外高输入阻抗OP 增幅器输入部位的浮游容量也逐渐成为问题，图27 的电路基板图案的非反相输入端子部位无full ground设计，如果有外部噪讯干扰之虞时，接地可设计成网格状(mesh)。图28 是根据图26 制成的OP 增幅器Gain－频率特性测试结果，由图可知即使接近50MHz频率特性非常平滑，-3dB cutoff频率大约是133MHz。
标签： PCB
上传时间： 2013-11-09
上传用户：z754970244
Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei ZhangThesis submitted to the Faculty of theVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei Zhang(ABSTRACT)This work presents the modeling and analysis of EMI and thermal performancefor switch power supply by using the CAD tools. The methodology and design guidelinesare developed.By using a boost PFC circuit as an example, an equivalent circuit model is builtfor EMI noise prediction and analysis. The parasitic elements of circuit layout andcomponents are extracted analytically or by using CAD tools. Based on the model, circuitlayout and magnetic component design are modified to minimize circuit EMI. EMI filtercan be designed at an early stage without prototype implementation.In the second part, thermal analyses are conducted for the circuit by using thesoftware Flotherm, which includes the mechanism of conduction, convection andradiation. Thermal models are built for the components. Thermal performance of thecircuit and the temperature profile of components are predicted. Improved thermalmanagement and winding arrangement are investigated to reduce temperature.In the third part, several circuit layouts and inductor design examples are checkedfrom both the EMI and thermal point of view. Insightful information is obtained.
上传时间： 2013-11-16
上传用户：萍水相逢
a8259 可编程中断控制 altera提供 The a8259 is designed to simplify the implementation of the interrupt interface in 8088 and 8086 based microcomputer systems. The device is known as a programmable interrupt controller. The a8259 receives and prioritizes up to 8 interrupts, and in the cascade mode, this can be expanded up to 64 interrupts. An asynchronous reset and a clock input have been added to improve operation and reliability.
上传时间： 2015-01-02
上传用户：panpanpan
为了提高直接转矩控制（DTC）系统定子磁链估计精度，降低电流、电压测量的随机误差，提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）实现异步电机转子位置和速度估计的方法。扩展卡尔曼滤波器是建立在基于旋转坐标系下由定子电流、电压、转子转速和其它电机参量所构成的电机模型上，将定子电流、定子磁链、转速和转子角位置作为状态变量，定子电压为输入变量，定子电流为输出变量，通过对磁链和转速的闭环控制提高定子磁链的估计精度，实现了异步电机的无速度传感器直接转矩控制策略，仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性,提高了直接转矩的控制性能。 Abstract: In order to improve the Direct Torque Control（DTC） system of stator flux estimation accuracy and reduce the current， voltage measurement of random error， a novel method to estimate the speed and rotor position of asynchronous motor based on extended Kalman filter was introduced. EKF was based on d-p axis motor and other motor parameters （state vector: stator current， stator flux linkage， rotor angular speed and position； input: stator voltage； output: staror current). EKF was designed for stator flux and rotor speed estimation in close-loop control. It can improve the estimated accuracy of stator flux. It is possible to estimate the speed and rotor position and implement asynchronous motor drives without position and speed sensors. The simulation results show it is efficient and improves the control performance.
上传时间： 2015-01-02
上传用户：qingdou
Logger iButton devices have gained a lot of popularity with researchers. Although free evaluation software is easy to use and welldocumented, the choices and inputs that need to be made can sometimes be challenging. This application note explains technicalterms that are common with temperature logger iButtons and how they relate to each other. Additionally, it presents an algorithm tohelp users choose the necessary input parameters, including the sample rate based on a user's needs and the available memory tostore the data.
上传时间： 2013-11-16
上传用户：xywhw1
Semiconductor memory, card readers, microprocessors,disc drives, piezoelectric devices and digitally based systemsfurnish transient loads that a voltage regulator mustservice. Ideally, regulator output is invariant during a loadtransient. In practice, some variation is encountered andbecomes problematic if allowable operating voltage tolerancesare exceeded. This mandates testing the regulatorand its associated support components to verify desiredperformance under transient loading conditions. Variousmethods are employable to generate transient loads, allowingobservation of regulator response
上传时间： 2013-11-21
上传用户：semi1981
