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E.11.1 Actual ranges</div>
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The formal arguments defined as open arrays have the size and ranges of the actual argument, as determined on a per-call basis. The programmer shall always have a choice whether to specify a formal argument as a sized array or as an open (unsized) array. </p>
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In the former case, all indices are normalized on the C side (i.e., 0 and up) and the programmer needs to know the size of an array and be capable of determining how the ranges of the actual argument map onto C-style ranges (see Annex E.6.6). </p>
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Tip: programmers can decide to use [n:0]name[0:k] style ranges in SystemVerilog. </p>
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In the later case, i.e., an open array, individual elements of a packed array are accessible via interface functions, which facilitate the SystemVerilog-style of indexing with the original boundaries of the actual argument. </p>
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If a formal argument is specified as a sized array, then it shall be passed by reference, with no overhead, and is directly accessible as a normalized array. If a formal argument is specified as an open (unsized) array, then it shall be passed by handle, with some overhead, and is mostly indirectly accessible, again with some overhead, although it retains the original argument boundaries. </p>
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NOTE—This provides some degree of flexibility and allows the programmer to control the trade-off of performance vs. convenience. </p>
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The following example shows the use of sized vs. unsized arrays in SystemVerilog code. </p><div class="Element170">
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<div class="Element13"><div class="Element12" id="code01097"><pre class="Element12">// both unpacked arrays are 64 by 8 elements, packed 16-bit each
logic [15: 0] a_64x8 [63:0][7:0];
logic [31:16] b_64x8 [64:1][-1:-8];
import "DPI" function void foo(input logic [] i [][]);
// 2-dimensional unsized unpacked array of unsized packed logic
import "DPI" function void boo(input logic [31:16] i [64:1][-1:-8]);
// 2-dimensional sized unpacked array of sized packed logic
foo(a_64x8);
foo(b_64x8); // C code can use original ranges [31:16][64:1][-1:-8]
boo(b_64x8); // C code must use normalized ranges [15:0][0:63][0:7]</pre></div></div>
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