rfc1272.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

            |                        |                        |
           / \                      / \                      / \
      128.252.130.10           128.252.120.10           128.253.140.10
           \ /                      \ /                      \ /
            |                        |                        |
            |                        |                        |
  +-----------------+      +-----------------+      +----------------+
      128.252.130.X           128.252.120.X           128.253.140.X

   This is the first example in which the information that is germane
   for service provider and consumer are not identical.  The service
   consumers are now the individual subnets and the service provider is
   the facility-wide backbone.  A service provider is interested in
   knowing the contribution of individual subnets to the total traffic
   of the backbone. In order to ascertain this, a meter on the backbone
   (the longest line in the center of the illustration) can keep track
   of flows between subnet pairs.  Now the communications between
   individual hosts on adjacent subnets are aggregated into a single
   flow that measures activity between subnets.

   The service consumers, or subnets, might in turn want to keep track
   of the communications between individual hosts that use the services
   of the backbone.  An accounting system on the backbone could be
   configured to monitor traffic among individual host pairs.
   Alternately an accounting system on each individual subnet could keep
   track of local and "non-local" traffic.  The observed data of the two
   sets of meters (one for the service provider and one for the service
   consumers) should have reconcilable data.












Mills, Hirsh, & Ruth                                           [Page 15]

RFC 1272            Internet Accounting: Background        November 1991


5.3  A Regional Network

                                     116.125
                               +-----------------+
                                        |
                                        +
                                       / \
                                  116.125.10.10
                                       \ /
                                      / + \
                                     /     \
                                    /       \
                                   /         \
                   |              +           +              |
                   |             / \         / \             |
          128.242  |----- 128.242.10.10   128.252.10.10 -----|  128.252
                   |             \ /         \ /             |
                   |              +           +              |
                                   \         /
                                    \       /
                                     \     /
                                      \ + /
                                       / \
                                  124.110.10.10
                                       \ /
                                        +
                                +-----------------+
                                        |
                                    124.110

   In this example we have a regional network consisting of a ring of
   point-to-point links that interconnect a collection of campus-wide
   LANs. Again service provider and consumer have differing interests
   and needs for accounting data.  The service provider, the regional
   network, again will be interested in the contribution of each
   individual network to the total traffic on the regional network.
   This interest might extend to include measure of individual link
   utilization, and not just total offered load to the network as a
   whole.  In this latter case the service provider will require that
   meters be placed at one end or the other on each link.  For the
   service consumer, the individual campus, relevant measures would
   include the contribution of individual subnets or hosts to the total
   "outbound" traffic.  Meter(s) placed in (or at) the router that
   connects the campus- network to the regional network can perform the
   necessary measurement.






Mills, Hirsh, & Ruth                                           [Page 16]

RFC 1272            Internet Accounting: Background        November 1991


5.4  A National Backbone

                                   __________
                                        |
                                        +
                                  |   /   \   |
                                  |--+  1  +--|
                                  |   \   /   |
                                        +
                                       / \
                                       \ /
                                      / + \
                                     /     \
                      _______       /       \        _______
                         |         /         \          |
                         +        +           +         +
                   |   /   \     / \         / \      /   \  |
                   |--+  4  +----\ /    5    \ /-----+  2  +-|
                   |   \   /      +           +       \   /  |
                         +         \         /          +
                      ___|____      \       /        ___|____
                                     \     /
                                      \ + /
                                       / \
                                       \ /
                                        +
                                  |   /   \   |
                                  |--+  3  +--|
                                  |   \   /   |
                                        +
                                    ____|____

   In this last case, the data that the service provider will want to
   collect is the traffic between regional networks.  The flow that
   measures a regional network, or regional network pairs, is defined as
   the union of all member-campus network address spaces.  This can be
   arrived at by keeping multiple individual network address flows and
   developing the regional network contribution as post-processing
   activity, or by defining a flow that is the union of all the relevant
   addresses.  (This is a cpu cycles for memory trade-off.)  Note that
   if the service provider measures individual network contributions,
   then this data is, in large
    measure, the data that the service consumers would require.

6.  Future Issues

   This last section is the collector for ancillary issues that are as
   yet undefined or out of current scope.



Mills, Hirsh, & Ruth                                           [Page 17]

RFC 1272            Internet Accounting: Background        November 1991


   APPLICATIONS standards:  Recommendations for storage, processing and
   reporting are left out for the moment.  Storage and processing of
   accounting information is dependent on individual network policy.
   Recommendations for standardizing billing schemes would be premature.

   QUOTAS are a form of closed loop feedback that represent an
   interesting extension of usage reporting.  But they will have to wait
   until the basic accounting technology is reasonably defined and has
   been the subject of a reasonable amount of experimentation.

   SESSION ACCOUNTING:  Detailed auditing of individual sessions across
   the internet (at level four or higher) will not be addressed by
   internet accounting.  Internet accounting deals only with measuring
   traffic at the IP level.

   APPLICATION LEVEL ACCOUNTING:  Service hosts and proxy agents have to
   do their own accounting for services, since the network cannot
   distinguish on whose behalf they are acting.  Alternately, TCP/UDP
   port numbers could become an optional field in a meter, since the
   conjunction of a pair of IP addresses and port numbers occurring at a
   particular time uniquely identifies a pair of communicating
   processes.

   The USER has not yet been defined, since an IP option would have to
   be added to the IP header to provide for this.  This option would
   probably contain two parts - a subscriber identification and a user
   sub-identification - to allow for the later introduction of quota
   mechanisms which have both group and individual quotas.  The
   subscriber is the fiscally responsible entity, for example the
   manager of a research group.  In any case, routers must be able to
   fall back to accounting by host, since there will most certainly be
   hosts on the network which do not implement a new IP option in a
   timely fashion.

7.  References

     International Standards Organization (ISO), "Management
     Framework," Part 4 of Information Processing Systems Open Systems
     Interconnection Basic Reference Model,ISO 7498-4, 1984.

     International Standards Organization (ISO), "Security
     Architecture," Part 2 of Information Processing Systems Open
     Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model,ISO 7498-2, 1984.








Mills, Hirsh, & Ruth                                           [Page 18]

RFC 1272            Internet Accounting: Background        November 1991


Security Considerations

   Security issues are discussed in sections 2, 3 and 4.

Authors' Addresses

   Cyndi Mills
   Bolt, Beranek, and Newman
   150 Cambridge Park Drive
   Cambridge, MA  02140

   Phone:    [phone]
   Email: [e-mail]


   Donald Hirsh
   Meridian Technology Corporation
   11 McBride Corporate Center Drive
   Suite 250
   Chesterfield, MO  63005

   Phone:    [phone]
   Email: [e-mail]


   Gregory Ruth
   Bolt, Beranek, and Newman
   150 Cambridge Park Drive
   Cambridge, MA  02140

   Phone:    [phone]
   Email: [e-mail]



















Mills, Hirsh, & Ruth                                           [Page 19]