📄 mysql数据库安全配置_实用技巧来个内外兼修(1).doc
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
class=SpellE><strong><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:
宋体;color:black'>MySQL</span></strong></span><strong><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;color:black'>数据库安全配置<span lang=EN-US>/实用技巧来个内外兼修
(1)</span></span></strong><span lang=EN-US> </span></p>
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<span style='color:#594802'>1、前言 <br>
<br>
<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span> 是完全网络化的跨平台关系型数据库系统,同时是具有客户机/服务器体系结构的分布式数据库管理系统。它具有功能强、使用简便、管理方便、运行速度快、安全可靠性强等优点,用户可利用许多语言编写访问<span
class=SpellE>MySQL</span> 数据库的程序,特别是与PHP更是黄金组合,运用十分广泛。 <br>
<br>
由于<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span>是多平台的数据库,它的默认配置要考虑各种情况下都能适用,所以在我们自己的使用环境下应该进行进一步的安全加固。作为一个<span
class=SpellE>MySQL</span>的系统管理员,我们有责任维护<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span>数据库系统的数据安全性和完整性。
<br>
<br>
<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span>数据库的安全配置必须从两个方面入手,系统内部安全和外部网络安全,另外我们还将简单介绍编程时要注意的一些问题以及一些小窍门。
<br>
<br>
2、系统内部安全 <br>
<br>
首先简单介绍一下<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span>数据库目录结构。<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span>安装好,运行了<span
class=SpellE>mysql_db_install</span>脚本以后就会建立数据目录和初始化数据库。如果我们用<span
class=SpellE>MySQL</span>源码包安装,而且安装目录是/<span class=SpellE>usr/local/mysql</span>,那么数据目录一般会是/<span
class=SpellE>usr/local/mysql/var</span>。数据库系统由一系列数据库组成,每个数据库包含一系列数据库表。<span
class=SpellE>MySQL</span>是用数据库名在数据目录<span class=GramE>建立建立</span>一个数据库目录,各数据库<span
class=GramE>表分别</span>以数据库表名作为文件名,扩展名分别为MYD、MYI、<span class=SpellE>frm</span>的三个文件放到数据库目录中。
<br>
<br>
<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span>的<span class=GramE>授权表给数据库</span>的访问提供了灵活的权限控制,但是如果本地用户拥有对<span
class=GramE>库文件</span>的读权限的话,攻击者只需把数据库目录打包拷走,<span class=GramE>然后拷到自己</span>本机的数据目录下就能访问窃取的数据库。所以<span
class=SpellE>MySQL</span>所在的主机的安全性是最首要的问题,如果主机不安全,被攻击者控制,那么<span
class=SpellE>MySQL</span>的安全性也无从谈起。其次就是数据目录和数据文件的安全性,也就是权限设置问题。 <br>
<br>
从<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span>主站一些老的binary发行版来看,3.21.xx版本中数据目录的属性是775,这样非常危险,任何本地用户都可以读数据目录,所以数据库文件很不安全。3.22.xx版本中数据目录的属性是770,这种属性也有些危险,本地的同组用户既能读也能写,所以数据文件也不安全。3.23.xx版本数据目录的属性是700,这样就比较好,只有启动数据库的用户可以读写数据库文件,保证了本地数据文件的安全。
<br>
<br>
如果启动<span class=SpellE>MySQL</span>数据库的用户是<span class=SpellE>mysql</span>,那么<span
class=GramE>象</span>如下的目录和文件的是安全的,请注意数据目录及下面的属性: <br>
<br>
shell><span class=SpellE>ls</span> -l /<span class=SpellE>usr/local/mysql</span>
<br>
<br>
total 40 <br>
<br>
<span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x 2 root <span class=SpellE>root</span>
4096 Feb 27 20:07 bin <br>
<br>
<span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x 3 root <span class=SpellE>root</span>
4096 Feb 27 20:07 include <br>
<br>
<span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x 2 root <span class=SpellE>root</span>
4096 Feb 27 20:07 info <span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x 3 root <span
class=SpellE>root</span> 4096 Feb 27 20:07 lib <span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x
2 root <span class=SpellE>root</span> 4096 Feb 27 20:07 <span class=SpellE>libexec</span>
<span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x 3 root <span class=SpellE>root</span>
4096 Feb 27 20:07 man <span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x 6 root <span
class=SpellE>root</span> 4096 Feb 27 20:07 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span>-test
<span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x 3 root <span class=SpellE>root</span>
4096 Feb 27 20:07 share <span class=SpellE>drwxrwxr</span>-x 7 root <span
class=SpellE>root</span> 4096 Feb 27 20:07 <span class=SpellE>sql</span>-bench
<span class=SpellE>drwx</span>------ 4 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span> <span
class=SpellE>mysql</span> 4096 Feb 27 20:07 <span class=SpellE>var</span> <br>
<br>
<br>
shell><span class=SpellE>ls</span> -l /<span class=SpellE>usr/local/mysql/var</span>
<br>
<br>
total 8 <br>
<br>
<span class=SpellE>drwx</span>------ 2 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span> <span
class=SpellE>mysql</span> 4096 Feb 27 20:08 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span>
<br>
<br>
<span class=SpellE>drwx</span>------ 2 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span> <span
class=SpellE>mysql</span> 4096 Feb 27 20:08 test <br>
<br>
shell><span class=SpellE>ls</span> -l /<span class=SpellE>usr/local/mysql/var/mysql</span>
<br>
<br>
total 104 <br>
<br>
-<span class=SpellE>rw</span>------- 1 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span> <span
class=SpellE>mysql</span> 0 Feb 27 20:08 <span class=SpellE>columnserials_priv.MYD</span>
<br>
<br>
-<span class=SpellE>rw</span>------- 1 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span> <span
class=SpellE>mysql</span> 1024 Feb 27 20:08 <span class=SpellE>columnserials_priv.MYI</span>
<br>
<br>
-<span class=SpellE>rw</span>------- 1 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span> <span
class=SpellE>mysql</span> 8778 Feb 27 20:08 <span class=SpellE>columnserials_priv.frm</span>
<br>
<br>
-<span class=SpellE>rw</span>------- 1 <span class=SpellE>mysql</span> <span
class=SpellE>mysql</span> 302 Feb 27 20:08 <span class=SpellE>db.MYD</span>
<br>
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