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  • Arduino学习笔记4_Arduino软件模拟PWM

    注:1.这篇文章断断续续写了很久,画图技术也不精,难免错漏,大家凑合看.有问题可以留言.      2.论坛排版把我的代码缩进全弄没了,大家将代码粘贴到arduino编译器,然后按ctrl+T重新格式化代码格式即可看的舒服. 一、什么是PWM PWM 即Pulse Wavelength Modulation 脉宽调制波,通过调整输出信号占空比,从而达到改 变输出平均电压的目的。相信Arduino 的PWM 大家都不陌生,在Arduino Duemilanove 2009 中,有6 个8 位精度PWM 引脚,分别是3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 脚。我们可以使用analogWrite()控 制PWM 脚输出频率大概在500Hz 的左右的PWM 调制波。分辨率8 位即2 的8 次方等于 256 级精度。但是有时候我们会觉得6 个PWM 引脚不够用。比如我们做一个10 路灯调光, 就需要有10 个PWM 脚。Arduino Duemilanove 2009 有13 个数字输出脚,如果它们都可以 PWM 的话,就能满足条件了。于是本文介绍用软件模拟PWM。 二、Arduino 软件模拟PWM Arduino PWM 调压原理:PWM 有好几种方法。而Arduino 因为电源和实现难度限制,一般 使用周期恒定,占空比变化的单极性PWM。 通过调整一个周期里面输出脚高/低电平的时间比(即是占空比)去获得给一个用电器不同 的平均功率。 如图所示,假设PWM 波形周期1ms(即1kHz),分辨率1000 级。那么需要一个信号时间 精度1ms/1000=1us 的信号源,即1MHz。所以说,PWM 的实现难点在于需要使用很高频的 信号源,才能获得快速与高精度。下面先由一个简单的PWM 程序开始: const int PWMPin = 13; int bright = 0; void setup() { pinMode(PWMPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { if((bright++) == 255) bright = 0; for(int i = 0; i < 255; i++) { if(i < bright) { digitalWrite(PWMPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(30); } else { digitalWrite(PWMPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(30); } } } 这是一个软件PWM 控制Arduino D13 引脚的例子。只需要一块Arduino 即可测试此代码。 程序解析:由for 循环可以看出,完成一个PWM 周期,共循环255 次。 假设bright=100 时候,在第0~100 次循环中,i 等于1 到99 均小于bright,于是输出PWMPin 高电平; 然后第100 到255 次循环里面,i 等于100~255 大于bright,于是输出PWMPin 低电平。无 论输出高低电平都保持30us。 那么说,如果bright=100 的话,就有100 次循环是高电平,155 次循环是低电平。 如果忽略指令执行时间的话,这次的PWM 波形占空比为100/255,如果调整bright 的值, 就能改变接在D13 的LED 的亮度。 这里设置了每次for 循环之后,将bright 加一,并且当bright 加到255 时归0。所以,我们 看到的最终效果就是LED 慢慢变亮,到顶之后然后突然暗回去重新变亮。 这是最基本的PWM 方法,也应该是大家想的比较多的想法。 然后介绍一个简单一点的。思维风格完全不同。不过对于驱动一个LED 来说,效果与上面 的程序一样。 const int PWMPin = 13; int bright = 0; void setup() { pinMode(PWMPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(PWMPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(bright*30); digitalWrite(PWMPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds((255 - bright)*30); if((bright++) == 255) bright = 0; } 可以看出,这段代码少了一个For 循环。它先输出一个高电平,然后维持(bright*30)us。然 后输出一个低电平,维持时间((255-bright)*30)us。这样两次高低就能完成一个PWM 周期。 分辨率也是255。 三、多引脚PWM Arduino 本身已有PWM 引脚并且运行起来不占CPU 时间,所以软件模拟一个引脚的PWM 完全没有实用意义。我们软件模拟的价值在于:他能将任意的数字IO 口变成PWM 引脚。 当一片Arduino 要同时控制多个PWM,并且没有其他重任务的时候,就要用软件PWM 了。 多引脚PWM 有一种下面的方式: int brights[14] = {0}; //定义14个引脚的初始亮度,可以随意设置 int StartPWMPin = 0, EndPWMPin = 13; //设置D0~D13为PWM 引脚 int PWMResolution = 255; //设置PWM 占空比分辨率 void setup() { //定义所有IO 端输出 for(int i = StartPWMPin; i <= EndPWMPin; i++) { pinMode(i, OUTPUT); //随便定义个初始亮度,便于观察 brights[ i ] = random(0, 255); } } void loop() { //这for 循环是为14盏灯做渐亮的。每次Arduino loop()循环, //brights 自增一次。直到brights=255时候,将brights 置零重新计数。 for(int i = StartPWMPin; i <= EndPWMPin; i++) { if((brights[i]++) == PWMResolution) brights[i] = 0; } for(int i = 0; i <= PWMResolution; i++) //i 是计数一个PWM 周期 { for(int j = StartPWMPin; j <= EndPWMPin; j++) //每个PWM 周期均遍历所有引脚 { if(i < brights[j])\   所以我们要更改PWM 周期的话,我们将精度(代码里面的变量:PWMResolution)降低就行,比如一般调整LED 亮度的话,我们用64 级精度就行。这样速度就是2x32x64=4ms。就不会闪了。

    标签: Arduino PWM 软件模拟

    上传时间: 2013-10-08

    上传用户:dingdingcandy

  • Arduino应用_Arduino连接超声波传感器测距

    超声波传感器适用于对大幅的平面进行静止测距。普通的超声波传感器测距范围大概是 2cm~450cm,分辨率3mm(淘宝卖家说的,笔者测试环境没那么好,个人实测比较稳定的 距离10cm~2m 左右,超过此距离就经常有偶然不准确的情况发生了,当然不排除笔者技术 问题。) 测试对象是淘宝上面最便宜的SRF-04 超声波传感器,有四个脚:5v 电源脚(Vcc),触发控制端(Trig),接收端(Echo),地端(GND) 附:SRF 系列超声波传感器参数比较   模块工作原理: 采用IO 触发测距,给至少10us 的高电平信号; 模块自动发送8个40KHz 的方波,自动检测是否有信号返回; 有信号返回,通过IO 输出一高电平,高电平持续的时间就是超声波从发射到返回的时间.测试距离=(高电平时间*声速(340m/s))/2; 电路连接方法   Arduino 程序例子: constintTrigPin = 2; constintEchoPin = 3; floatcm; voidsetup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(TrigPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(EchoPin, INPUT); } voidloop() { digitalWrite(TrigPin, LOW); //低高低电平发一个短时间脉冲去TrigPin delayMicroseconds(2); digitalWrite(TrigPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(10); digitalWrite(TrigPin, LOW); cm = pulseIn(EchoPin, HIGH) / 58.0; //将回波时间换算成cm cm = (int(cm * 100.0)) / 100.0; //保留两位小数 Serial.print(cm); Serial.print("cm"); Serial.println(); delay(1000); }

    标签: Arduino 连接 超声波传感器

    上传时间: 2013-10-18

    上传用户:星仔

  • Allegro-Design-Editor-Tutorial_ade_tut

    Trademarks: Trademarks and service marks of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. (Cadence) contained in

    标签: Allegro-Design-Editor-Tutorial_ad e_tut

    上传时间: 2013-11-11

    上传用户:yulg

  • 便携式超声系统中的Xilinx器件

    There has long been a need for portable ultrasoundsystems that have good resolution at affordable costpoints. Portable systems enable healthcare providersto use ultrasound in remote locations such asdisaster zones, developing regions, and battlefields,where it was not previously practical to do so.

    标签: Xilinx 便携式 超声系统 器件

    上传时间: 2015-01-01

    上传用户:hfnishi

  • High-speed Digital Design 中文版(高速数字设计)

    介绍高速电路的设计

    标签: High-speed Digital Design 高速数字

    上传时间: 2013-12-02

    上传用户:wentianyou

  • 采用TÜV认证的FPGA开发功能安全系统

    This white paper discusses how market trends, the need for increased productivity, and new legislation have accelerated the use of safety systems in industrial machinery. This TÜV-qualified FPGA design methodology is changing the paradigms of safety designs and will greatly reduce development effort, system complexity, and time to market. This allows FPGA users to design their own customized safety controllers and provides a significant competitive advantage over traditional microcontroller or ASIC-based designs. Introduction The basic motivation of deploying functional safety systems is to ensure safe operation as well as safe behavior in cases of failure. Examples of functional safety systems include train brakes, proximity sensors for hazardous areas around machines such as fast-moving robots, and distributed control systems in process automation equipment such as those used in petrochemical plants. The International Electrotechnical Commission’s standard, IEC 61508: “Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems,” is understood as the standard for designing safety systems for electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic (E/E/PE) equipment. This standard was developed in the mid-1980s and has been revised several times to cover the technical advances in various industries. In addition, derivative standards have been developed for specific markets and applications that prescribe the particular requirements on functional safety systems in these industry applications. Example applications include process automation (IEC 61511), machine automation (IEC 62061), transportation (railway EN 50128), medical (IEC 62304), automotive (ISO 26262), power generation, distribution, and transportation. 图Figure 1. Local Safety System

    标签: FPGA 安全系统

    上传时间: 2013-11-14

    上传用户:zoudejile

  • Create a 1-Wire Master with Xilinx PicoBlaze

    Abstract: Designers who must interface 1-Wire temperature sensors with Xilinx field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs) can use this reference design to drive a DS28EA00 1-Wire slave device. The downloadable softwarementioned in this document can also be used as a starting point to connect other 1-Wire slave devices. The systemimplements a 1-Wire master connected to a UART and outputs temperature to a PC from the DS28EA00 temperaturesensor. In addition, high/low alarm outputs are displayed from the DS28EA00 PIO pins using LEDs.

    标签: PicoBlaze Create Master Xilinx

    上传时间: 2013-11-12

    上传用户:大三三

  • HDB3编解码器设计

    HDB3(High Density Bipolar三阶高密度双极性)码是在AMI码的基础上改进的一种双极性归零码,它除具有AMI码功率谱中无直流分量,可进行差错自检等优点外,还克服了AMI码当信息中出现连“0”码时定时提取困难的缺点,而且HDB3码频谱能量主要集中在基波频率以下,占用频带较窄,是ITU-TG.703推荐的PCM基群、二次群和三次群的数字传输接口码型,因此HDB3码的编解码就显得极为重要了[1]。目前,HDB3码主要由专用集成电路及相应匹配的外围中小规模集成芯片来实现,但集成程度不高,特别是位同步提取非常复杂,不易实现。随着可编程器件的发展,这一难题得到了很好地解决。

    标签: HDB3 编解码器

    上传时间: 2013-11-01

    上传用户:lindor

  • Nios II软件构建工具入门

    Nios II软件构建工具入门 The Nios® II Software Build Tools (SBT) allows you to construct a wide variety of complex embedded software systems using a command-line interface. From this interface, you can execute Software Built Tools command utilities, and use scripts other tools) to combine the command utilities in many useful ways. This chapter introduces you to project creation with the SBT at the command line This chapter includes the following sections: ■ “Advantages of Command-Line Software Development” ■ “Outline of the Nios II SBT Command-Line Interface” ■ “Getting Started in the SBT Command Line” ■ “Software Build Tools Scripting Basics” on page 3–8

    标签: Nios 软件

    上传时间: 2013-11-15

    上传用户:nanxia

  • 远程配置Nios II处理器应用笔记

         通过以太网远程配置Nios II 处理器 应用笔记 Firmware in embedded hardware systems is frequently updated over the Ethernet. For embedded systems that comprise a discrete microprocessor and the devices it controls, the firmware is the software image run by the microprocessor. When the embedded system includes an FPGA, firmware updates include updates of the hardware image on the FPGA. If the FPGA includes a Nios® II soft processor, you can upgrade both the Nios II processor—as part of the FPGA image—and the software that the Nios II processor runs, in a single remote configuration session.

    标签: Nios 远程 处理器 应用笔记

    上传时间: 2013-11-22

    上传用户:chaisz