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  • ARM处理器的工作模式

    ARM处理器的工作模式 ARM处理器状态    ARM微处理器的工作状态一般有两种,并可在两种状态之间切换:第一种为ARM状态,此时处理器执行32位的字对齐的ARM指令;第二种为Thumb状态,此时处理器执行16位的、半字对齐的Thumb指令。在程序的执行过程中,微处理器可以随时在两种工作状态之间切换,并且,处理器工作状态的转变并不影响处理器的工作模式和相应寄存器中的内容。但ARM微处理器在开始执行代码时,应该处于ARM状态。  ARM处理器状态    进入Thumb状态:当操作数寄存器的状态位(位0)为1时,可以采用执行BX指令的方法,使微处理器从ARM状态切换到Thumb状态。此外,当处理器处于Thumb状态时发生异常(如IRQ、FIQ、Undef、Abort、SWI等),则异常处理返回时,自动切换到Thumb状态。    进入ARM状态:当操作数寄存器的状态位为0时,执行BX指令时可以使微处理器从Thumb状态切换到ARM状态。此外,在处理器进行异常处理时,把PC指针放入异常模式链接寄存器中,并从异常向量地址开始执行程序,也可以使处理器切换到ARM状态。ARM处理器模式    ARM微处理器支持7种运行模式,分别为:用户模式(usr):ARM处理器正常的程序执行状态。快速中断模式(fiq):用于高速数据传输或通道处理。外部中断模式(irq):用于通用的中断处理。管理模式(svc):操作系统使用的保护模式。数据访问终止模式(abt):当数据或指令预取终止时进入该模式,可用于虚拟存储及存储保护。系统模式(sys):运行具有特权的操作系统任务。定义指令中止模式(und):当未定义的指令执行时进入该模式,可用于支持硬件协处理器的软件仿真。ARM处理器模式    ARM微处理器的运行模式可以通过软件改变,也可以通过外部中断或异常处理改变。大多数的应用程序运行在用户模式下,当处理器运行在用户模式下时,某些被保护的系统资源是不能被访问的。    除用户模式以外,其余的所有6种模式称之为非用户模式,或特权模式;其中除去用户模式和系统模式以外的5种又称为异常模式,常用于处理中断或异常,以及需要访问受保护的系统资源等情况。ARM寄存器    ARM处理器共有37个寄存器。其中包括:31个通用寄存器,包括程序计数器(PC)在内。这些寄存器都是32位寄存器。以及6个32位状态寄存器。 关于寄存器这里就不详细介绍了,有兴趣的人可以上网找找,很多这方面的资料。异常处理    当正常的程序执行流程发生暂时的停止时,称之为异常,例如处理一个外部的中断请求。在处理异常之前,当前处理器的状态必须保留,这样当异常处理完成之后,当前程序可以继续执行。处理器允许多个异常同时发生,它们将会按固定的优先级进行处理。当一个异常出现以后,ARM微处理器会执行以下几步操作:进入异常处理的基本步骤:将下一条指令的地址存入相应连接寄存器LR,以便程序在处理异常返回时能从正确的位置重新开始执行。将CPSR复制到相应的SPSR中。根据异常类型,强制设置CPSR的运行模式位。强制PC从相关的异常向量地址取下一条指令执行,从而跳转到相应的异常处理程序处。如果异常发生时,处理器处于Thumb状态,则当异常向量地址加载入PC时,处理器自动切换到ARM状态。 ARM微处理器对异常的响应过程用伪码可以描述为: R14_ = Return LinkSPSR_= CPSRCPSR[4:0] = Exception Mode NumberCPSR[5] = 0 ;当运行于 ARM 工作状态时If == Reset or FIQ then;当响应 FIQ 异常时,禁止新的 FIQ 异常CPSR[6] = 1PSR[7] = 1PC = Exception Vector Address异常处理完毕之后,ARM微处理器会执行以下几步操作从异常返回:将连接寄存器LR的值减去相应的偏移量后送到PC中。将SPSR复制回CPSR中。若在进入异常处理时设置了中断禁止位,要在此清除。

    标签: ARM 处理器 工作模式

    上传时间: 2013-11-15

    上传用户:hanbeidang

  • FREERTOS的官方移植文档

    FeaturesThe following standard features are provided.• Choice of RTOS scheduling policy1. Pre-emptive:Always runs the highest available task. Tasks of identical priorityshare CPU time (fully pre-emptive with round robin time slicing).2. Cooperative:Context switches only occur if a task blocks, or explicitly callstaskYIELD().• Co-routines (light weight tasks that utilise very little RAM).• Message queues• Semaphores [via macros]• Trace visualisation ability (requires more RAM)• Majority of source code common to all supported development tools• Wide range of ports and examples

    标签: FREERTOS 移植 文档

    上传时间: 2013-10-13

    上传用户:13162218709

  • 基于MPC8260的ATM驱动开发

    介绍了ATM 技术的特点以及深入分析了PowerPC MPC826o的ATM 步长控制器(APC)的原理,分析了VxW0rks网络模块. 给出了在VxWorks 实时操作系统下的END 模式的ATM 驱动程序设计.重点讨论了ATM 驱动开发中需注意的特殊问题

    标签: 8260 MPC ATM 驱动开发

    上传时间: 2013-10-11

    上传用户:wwwwwen5

  • PCA9541 2 to 1 I2C-bus master

    The PCA9541 is a 2-to-1 I2C-bus master selector designed for high reliability dual masterI2C-bus applications where system operation is required, even when one master fails orthe controller card is removed for maintenance. The two masters (for example, primaryand back-up) are located on separate I2C-buses that connect to the same downstreamI2C-bus slave devices. I2C-bus commands are sent by either I2C-bus master and are usedto select one master at a time. Either master at any time can gain control of the slavedevices if the other master is disabled or removed from the system. The failed master isisolated from the system and will not affect communication between the on-line masterand the slave devices on the downstream I2C-bus.

    标签: master C-bus 9541 PCA

    上传时间: 2013-10-09

    上传用户:3294322651

  • PCA9544A 4channel I2C multiple

    The PCA9544A provides 4 interrupt inputs, one for each channeland one open drain interrupt output. When an interrupt is generated byany device, it will be detected by the PCA9544A and the interruptoutput will be driven LOW. The channel need not be active fordetection of the interrupt. A bit is also set in the control byte.Bits 4 – 7 of the control byte correspond to channels 0 – 3 of thePCA9544A, respectively. Therefore, if an interrupt is generated byany device connected to channel 2, the state of the interrupt inputs isloaded into the control register when a read is accomplished.Likewise, an interrupt on any device connected to channel 0 wouldcause bit 4 of the control register to be set on the read. The mastercan then address the PCA9544A and read the contents of thecontrol byte to determine which channel contains the devicegenerating the interrupt. The master can then reconfigure thePCA9544A to select this channel, and locate the device generatingthe interrupt and clear it. The interrupt clears when the deviceoriginating the interrupt clears.

    标签: 4channel multiple 9544A 9544

    上传时间: 2014-12-28

    上传用户:潜水的三贡

  • 8086指令系统

    8086指令系统目录 概述 2.1节   目录 2.1.1--2.1.5(传送)     2.1.1 目录:1~3        2.1.1-1 mov类例1                   mov类例2                   mov类例3                   mov类例4(END)        2.1.1-2. xchg  --3.XLAT                 查表示意图(end)     2.1.2堆栈操作指令(1)            堆栈操作指令(2)            堆栈操作指令(3)            堆栈操作指令(4)            堆栈操作指令(5)(END)     2.1.3标志传送指令(1)            标志传送指令(2)(end)     2.1.4地址传送指令(1)            地址传送指令(2)            地址传送指令(3)(end)     2.1.5输入输出指令(1)            输入输出指令(2)            输入输出指令(3)(end) 2.2节   目录 2.2.1--2.2.6(算术)     2.2.1加法指令(1)            加法指令(2)            加法指令(3)            加法指令(4)            加法指令5 end     2.2.2减法指令(1)            减法指令(2)            减法指令(3)            减法指令(4)      减法指令(5)            减法指令(6)(end)     2.2.3乘法指令(1)            乘法指令(2)            乘法指令(3)(end)     2.2.4除法指令(1)            除法指令(2)(end)     2.2.5符号扩展指令(end) 符号扩展说明     2.2.6十进制调整指令(1)            十进制调整指令(2)            十进制调整指令(3)            十进制调整指令(4)            十进制调整指令(5)            十进制调整指令(6)            十进制调整指令(7)            十进制调整指令(8)            十进制调整指令(9)(end) 2.3节  目录 2.3.1--2. 3.3(位)     2.3.1 逻辑运算指令(1)             逻辑运算指令(2)             逻辑运算指令(3)             逻辑运算指令(4)             逻辑运算指令(END)     2.3.2 移位指令(1)             移位指令(2)             移位指令(3)             移位指令(4)(end)     2.3.3 循环移位指令(1)             循环移位指令(2)(end) 2.4节  目录     2.4.1 无条件转移指令(1) 短转移的转移范围             无条件转移指令(2)             无条件转移指令(3)             无条件转移指令(4)(end)     2.4.2 条件转移指令(1)             条件转移指令(2)             条件转移指令(3)             条件转移指令(4)             条件转移指令(5)(end)     2.4.3 循环控制指令(1)             循环控制指令(2)(end)  2.4.4 子程序调用及返回指令(1)        子程序调用及返回指令(2)        子程序调用及返回指令(3)        子程序调用及返回指令(4)        子程序调用及返回指令(5) 子程序调用及返回指令(6) (end)     2.4.5 中断控制指令(1)             中断控制指令(2)             中断控制指令(3)             中断控制指令(4)             中断控制指令(5)             中断控制指令(6)             中断控制指令(7)             中断控制指令(8)(end)     2.4.6 系统功能调用(1)             系统功能调用(2)             系统功能调用(3)(end) 2.5节 目录 1---6(串操作) 串操作(1)传送 串操作(2) 串操作(3) 串操作(4)存串 串操作(5)读串、比较 串操作(6)搜索、重复前缀 串操作(7)REP 串操作(8)REPZ/REPNZ 串操作(9)前缀注释 串操作(10)例题 串操作(11)注释(end) 2.6 处理机控制类指令(1)(end)

    标签: 8086 指令系统

    上传时间: 2013-10-30

    上传用户:大三三

  • 八段码显示程序设计与调试

    所学的指令LD、LDI、OUT AND、ANI OR、 ORI LDP、 LDF、ANDP、ANDF、  ORP、 ORF ORB、 ANB MPS、 MRD、 MPP MC、 MCRSET RSTNOP  END 自锁电路触点的动作发光二极管的工作原理。八段码显示是利用发光二极管的不同段码组合来实现的,它可以实现0到F的显示。抢答器的显示就是利用八段码显示的特性,来完成几个不同组别的显示。用PLC实现八段码显示0~9组的3组以上抢答器的程序编写,并完成以下要求:1)设计由PLC实现的八段码显示0~9组的3组以上抢答器的程序编写,并完成以下要求: ①列出PLC的输入输出地址分配表 ②画出PLC的输入输出接线图(即I/O接线图) ③设计PLC的梯形图 ④根据梯形图列写指令表 2)按PLC控制I/O口(输入/输出)接线图在模拟实验设备上正确接线。

    标签: 显示程序 调试

    上传时间: 2013-11-22

    上传用户:lmeeworm

  • 基于单片机的红外门进控制系统设计与制作(含源程序和原理图)

    基于单片机的红外门进控制系统设计与制作:我们所做的创新实验项目“基于单片机的红外门控系统”已基本完成,现将其工作原理简要说明。该系统主要分为两大部分:一是红外传感器部分。二是单片机计数显示控制部分。基本电路图如下:其中红外传感器部分我们采用红外对管实现,红外对管平行放置,平常处于接收状态,经比较器输出低电平,当有人经过时,红外线被挡住,接收管接收不到红外线,经比较器输出高电平。这样,当有人经过时便会产生一个电平的跳变。单片机控制部分主要是通过外部两个中断判断是否有人经过,如果有人经过,由于电平跳变的产生,进入中断服务程序,这里我们采用了两对红外传感器接到两个外部中断口,中断0作为入口,实现加1操作,中断1作为出口,实现减1操作。另外,我们通过P0口控制室内灯的亮暗,当寄存器计数值为0时,熄灯,不为0时,灯亮。显示部分,采用两位数码管动态显示,如有必要,可以很方便的扩展为四位计数。精益求精!在实验过程中,我们走了非常多的弯路,做出来的东西根本不是自己想要的,我们本想做成室内只有一个门的进出计数,原理已清楚,即在门的两边放置两对红外对管,进出时,挡住两对对管的顺序不同,因此,可判断是进入还是出去,从而实现加减计数,编程时,可分别在两个中断服务程序的入口置标志位,根据标志位判断进出,详细内容在程序部分。理论如此,但在实际过程中,还是发现实现不了上述功能,我们初步判定认为是程序掌握得不够好,相信随着自己对单片机了解的深入,应该会做出更好的 (因为我们是临时学的单片机),程序的具体内容如下: $MOD52    ORG   0000H         LJMP  MAIN         ORG   0003H         LJMP  0100H         ORG   0013H         LJMP  0150H         ORG   0050HMAIN:    CLR   A         MOV   30H , A           ;初始化缓存区         MOV   31H , A         MOV   32H , A         MOV   33H , A         MOV   R6  , A         MOV   R7  , A  SETB  EA  SETB  EX0  SETB  EX1  SETB  IT0  SETB  IT1  SETB  PX1NEXT1:   ACALL HEXTOBCDD        ;调用数制转换子程序         ACALL DISPLAY          ;调用显示子程序         LJMP  NEXT1          ORG   0100H  ;中断0服务程序 LCALL  DELY mov 70h,#2 djnz 70h,next JBC  F0,NEXT         SETB F0        CLR P0.0 LCALL  DELY0 SETB   P0.0                  MOV   A , R7   ADD   A , #1   MOV   R7, A   MOV   A , R6         ADDC  A , #0  MOV   R6 , A  CJNE  R6 , #07H , NEXT  CLR   A  MOV   R6 , A  MOV   R7 , ANEXT:  RETI  ORG   0150H    ;中断1服务程序 LCALL  DELY mov 70h,#2 djnz 70h,next2 JBC  F0,NEXT2 SETB  F0 CLR P0.0 LCALL  DELY0 SETB   P0.0    CLR C                     MOV   A , R7   SUBB   A , #1  MOV   R7, A  MOV   A , R6   SUBB  A , #0  MOV   R6 , A  CJNE  R6 , #07H , NEXT2  CLR   A  MOV   R6 , A  MOV   R7 , ANEXT2:  RETI   ORG   0200HHEXTOBCDD:MOV  A , R6               ;由十六进制转化为十进制         PUSH  ACC         MOV   A , R7         PUSH  ACC  MOV   A , R2         PUSH  ACC  CLR   A         MOV   R3 , A  MOV   R4 , A  MOV   R5 , A  MOV   R2 , #10HHB3:     MOV   A  , R7              ;将十六进制中最高位移入进位位中         RLC   A  MOV   R7 , A  MOV   A  , R6  RLC   A  MOV   R6 , A  MOV   A  , R5              ;每位数加上本身相当于将这个数乘以2  ADDC  A  , R5  DA    A  MOV   R5 , A  MOV   A  , R4  ADDC  A  , R4  DA    A                   ;十进制调整  MOV   R4 , A  MOV   A  , R3  ADDC  A  , R3  DJNZ  R2 , HB3  POP   ACC   MOV   R2 , A  POP   ACC   MOV   R7 , A  POP   ACC  MOV   R6 , A  RET  ORG   0250HDISPLAY:  MOV   R0 , #30H         MOV   A  , R5  ANL   A  , #0FH  MOV   @R0 , A  MOV   A  , R5  SWAP  A  ANL   A  , #0FH  INC   R0  MOV   @R0 , A  MOV   A  , R4  ANL   A , #0FH  INC   R0  MOV   @R0 , A  MOV   A   , R4  SWAP  A  ANL   A  , #0FH  INC   R0  MOV   @R0 , A  MOV   R0 , #30H  MOV   R2 , #11111110BAGAIN:   MOV   A  , R2         MOV   P2 , A         MOV   A  , @R0  MOV   DPTR , #TAB  MOVC  A  , @A+DPTR  MOV   P1 , A  ACALL DELAY  INC   R0  MOV   A  , R2  RL    A  MOV   R2 , A  JB    ACC.4  , AGAIN   RETTAB:     DB    03FH , 06H , 5BH , 4FH , 66H , 6DH , 7DH , 07H , 7FH , 6FH   ;七段码表DELY:    MOV   R1,#80D1:        MOV    R2,#100             DJNZ   R2,$ DJNZ    R1,D1 RET DELAY:   MOV   TMOD , #01H           ;延时子程序         MOV   TL0  , #0FEH         MOV   TH0  , #0FEH  SETB  TR0WAIT:    JNB   TF0  , WAIT         CLR   TF0  CLR   TR0  RETDELY0:   MOV  R1,  #200D3:  MOV  R2,#250          DJNZ  R2,$  DJNZ  R1,D3    RET          END       该系统实际应用广泛。可用在生产线上产品数量统计、公交车智能计数问候(需添加语音芯片)、超市内人数统计等公共场合。另外,添加串口通信部分便可实现与PC数据交换的功能。   由于,实验简化了,剩下不少零件和资金,所以我们又做了两项其他的实验。

    标签: 单片机 红外 控制系统设计 原理图

    上传时间: 2013-12-22

    上传用户:tangsiyun

  • Emulating a synchronous serial

    The C500 microcontroller family usually provides only one on-chip synchronous serialchannel (SSC). If a second SSC is required, an emulation of the missing interface mayhelp to avoid an external hardware solution with additional electronic components.The solution presented in this paper and in the attached source files emulates the mostimportant SSC functions by using optimized SW routines with a performance up to 25KBaud in Slave Mode with half duplex transmission and an overhead less than 60% atSAB C513 with 12 MHz. Due to the implementation in C this performance is not the limitof the chip. A pure implementation in assembler will result in a strong reduction of theCPU load and therefore increase the maximum speed of the interface. In addition,microcontrollers like the SAB C505 will speed up the interface by a factor of two becauseof an optimized architecture compared with the SAB C513.Moreover, this solution lays stress on using as few on-chip hardware resources aspossible. A more excessive consumption of those resources will result in a highermaximum speed of the emulated interface.Due to the restricted performance of an 8 bit microcontroller a pin compatible solution isprovided only; the internal register based programming interface is replaced by a set ofsubroutine calls.The attached source files also contain a test shell, which demonstrates how to exchangeinformation between an on-chip HW-SSC and the emulated SW-SSC via 5 external wiresin different operation modes. It is based on the SAB C513 (Siemens 8 bit microcontroller).A table with load measurements is presented to give an indication for the fraction of CPUperformance required by software for emulating the SSC.

    标签: synchronous Emulating serial

    上传时间: 2014-01-31

    上传用户:z1191176801

  • Input Signal Rise and Fall Tim

    All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.

    标签: Signal Input Fall Rise

    上传时间: 2013-10-23

    上传用户:copu