将现行的供暖计费方式由按建筑面积计费变为按消耗的热能计费是供暖计费方式发展趋势,为了满足这一计费方式变化的需要,设计了基于IC卡的预付费式新型供暖计费系统,通过测量用户采暖系统进出口的温度和流量,计算用户消耗的热能,利用IC卡记录用户预付费的金额和当年热能的单价,根据热能消耗和当年热能的单价计算用户采暖费,根据实际发生的供暖费用和预付费金额控制供暖的开停,这一计费方式的变化使供暖计费更趋合理。 Abstract: It is trend that the mode of heat charging is changed from billing by building area to by thermal energy. In order to meet the needs of heat charging mode changing, a new system of heat charging based on IC card is proposed. The user?蒺s energy consumption is calculated by measuring the user inlet and outlet temperature and flow,using the IC card to record the prepaid amount and the current price of heat. The user?蒺s heating costs is calculated according to energy consumption and current price, according to actual heating costs and prepaid amount,the system controls the heating opening or stopping. It is more reasonable that calculated heating costs by user heat consumption
上传时间: 2013-10-14
上传用户:大融融rr
概述 CH376是文件管理控制芯片,用于单片机系统读写 U 盘或者 SD 卡中的文件。 CH376 支持 USB 设备方式和 USB 主机方式,并且内置了 USB 通讯协议的基本固件,内置了处理Mass-Storage 海量存储设备的专用通讯协议的固件,内置了SD 卡的通讯接口固件,内置了FAT16和FAT32 以及 FAT12 文件系统的管理固件,支持常用的 USB 存储设备(包括 U 盘/USB 硬盘/USB 闪存盘/USB读卡器)和SD卡(包括标准容量SD 卡和高容量HC-SD 卡以及协议兼容的MMC 卡和 TF 卡)。 CH376 支持三种通讯接口:8 位并口、SPI 接口或者异步串口,单片机/DSP/MCU/MPU 等控制器可以通过上述任何一种通讯接口控制CH376芯片,存取U 盘或者 SD 卡中的文件或者与计算机通讯。 CH376的 USB设备方式与CH372 芯片完全兼容,CH376 的 USB 主机方式与CH375 芯片基本兼容。
上传时间: 2014-12-27
上传用户:sglccwk
Features• Complete DTMF Receiver• Low power consumption• Internal gain setting amplifier• Adjustable guard time• Central office quality• Power-down mode• Inhibit mode• Backward compatible withMT8870C/MT8870C-1Applications• Receiver system for British Telecom (BT) orCEPT Spec (MT8870D-1)• Paging systems• Repeater systems/mobile radio• Credit card systems• Remote control• Personal computers• Telephone answering machine
上传时间: 2013-11-20
上传用户:mpquest
LLCR Pin Socket Testing with the Model 3732 High Density Matrix Card Computer processors (CPUs) today have come a long way from the computer processors of the past. They draw more power, run at lower voltages, and have more pins than ever before.
上传时间: 2013-10-24
上传用户:whenfly
The PCA9541 is a 2-to-1 I2C-bus master selector designed for high reliability dual masterI2C-bus applications where system operation is required, even when one master fails orthe controller card is removed for maintenance. The two masters (for example, primaryand back-up) are located on separate I2C-buses that connect to the same downstreamI2C-bus slave devices. I2C-bus commands are sent by either I2C-bus master and are usedto select one master at a time. Either master at any time can gain control of the slavedevices if the other master is disabled or removed from the system. The failed master isisolated from the system and will not affect communication between the on-line masterand the slave devices on the downstream I2C-bus.
上传时间: 2013-10-09
上传用户:3294322651
基于PIC单片机的低功耗读卡器硬件设计:本文提出了一个完整的基于串口的智能读卡器子系统设计方案并将其实现。读卡器的设计突出了小型化的要求,全部器件使用贴片封装。为了减小读卡器的体积,设计中还使用了串口窃电的技术,使用串口信号线直接给读卡器供电。为此,读卡器使用了省电的设计,采用了省电的集成电路,并大胆简化了许多传统的设计电路。关键字: 读卡器, 单片机, 串口窃电 Abstract: This paper aims to put forward a complete design of Smart IC card reader based onSerial Port and propose the way of realizing it for the purpose of Network Security. SMD isadopted to make Smart IC reader smaller in this design. To reduce the volume of Smart ICreader, Serial Port powered technology is employed to get power from the signal line of Serial Port. For this reason, low-power consumption components are adopted in the design and some traditional designs are simplified to reduce the power consumption.Keywords: Card Reader; Single-chip Computer; Serial Port Powered IC 卡系统保存了加密算法所需要的工作密钥,供加密算法对网络上传输的数据加密使用,是整个系统网络安全的核心。在IC 卡子系统中,读卡器是一个重要的部分。它起着管理IC卡、在IC 卡和PC或网络计算机间传递数据的重要作用。本文以一片PIC单片机为核心完成了基于RS232 串口的读卡器的硬件设计。
上传时间: 2014-04-14
上传用户:wanghui2438
计算机部件要具有通用性,适应不同系统与不同用户的需求,设计必须模块化。计算机部件产品(模块)供应出现多元化。模块之间的联接关系要标准化,使模块具有通用性。模块设计必须基于一种大多数厂商认可的模块联接关系,即一种总线标准。总线的标准总线是一类信号线的集合是模块间传输信息的公共通道,通过它,计算机各部件间可进行各种数据和命令的传送。为使不同供应商的产品间能够互换,给用户更多的选择,总线的技术规范要标准化。总线的标准制定要经周密考虑,要有严格的规定。总线标准(技术规范)包括以下几部分:机械结构规范:模块尺寸、总线插头、总线接插件以及按装尺寸均有统一规定。功能规范:总线每条信号线(引脚的名称)、功能以及工作过程要有统一规定。电气规范:总线每条信号线的有效电平、动态转换时间、负载能力等。总线的发展情况S-100总线:产生于1975年,第一个标准化总线,为微计算机技术发展起到了推动作用。IBM-PC个人计算机采用总线结构(Industry Standard Architecture, ISA)并成为工业化的标准。先后出现8位ISA总线、16位ISA总线以及后来兼容厂商推出的EISA(Extended ISA)32位ISA总线。为了适应微处理器性能的提高及I/O模块更高吞吐率的要求,出现了VL-Bus(VESA Local Bus)和PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect,PCI)总线。适合小型化要求的PCMCIA(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)总线,用于笔记本计算机的功能扩展。总线的指标计算机主机性能迅速提高,各功能模块性能也要相应提高,这对总线性能提出更高的要求。总线主要技术指标有几方面:总线宽度:一次操作可以传输的数据位数,如S100为8位,ISA为16位,EISA为32位,PCI-2可达64位。总线宽度不会超过微处理器外部数据总线的宽度。总数工作频率:总线信号中有一个CLK时钟,CLK越高每秒钟传输的数据量越大。ISA、EISA为8MHz,PCI为33.3MHz, PCI-2可达达66.6MHz。单个数据传输周期:不同的传输方式,每个数据传输所用CLK周期数不同。ISA要2个,PCI用1个CLK周期。这决定总线最高数据传输率。5. 总线的分类与层次系统总线:是微处理器芯片对外引线信号的延伸或映射,是微处理器与片外存储器及I/0接口传输信息的通路。系统总线信号按功能可分为三类:地址总线(Where):指出数据的来源与去向。地址总线的位数决定了存储空间的大小。系统总线:数据总线(What)提供模块间传输数据的路径,数据总线的位数决定微处理器结构的复杂度及总体性能。控制总线(When):提供系统操作所必需的控制信号,对操作过程进行控制与定时。扩充总线:亦称设备总线,用于系统I/O扩充。与系统总线工作频率不同,经接口电路对系统总统信号缓冲、变换、隔离,进行不同层次的操作(ISA、EISA、MCA)局部总线:扩充总线不能满足高性能设备(图形、视频、网络)接口的要求,在系统总线与扩充总线之间插入一层总线。由于它经桥接器与系统总线直接相连,因此称之为局部总线(PCI)。
上传时间: 2013-11-09
上传用户:nshark
8086总线操作:8086微处理器与片外存储器或I/O接口进行数据传输时,经BIU执行8086规定的总线操作。总线周期的组成:8086的基本总线周期为4个时钟周期,每个时钟周期间隔称为一个T状态。8086的中断系统:8086微处理器可处理256种中断。8086对外部硬件中断请求INTR的响应: 当INTR有一高电平,即有可屏蔽中断请求。若此时IF=1且当前指令执行完,进入中断响应周期,处理过程如下:INTA#在两个总线周期中分别发出有效信号,第二周期中8086读到中断类型码保护现场:标志寄存器入栈,清除IF和TF标志位,保护断点(下一条指令地址入栈)。8086总线请求:在一个系统中,若存在多个可控制总线的主模块时,总线使用权的转移存在着一个请求与响应的过程。
上传时间: 2013-10-21
上传用户:皇族传媒
基于ADSP-BF561的数字摄像系统设计Design of Digital Video Camera System Based on Digital Signal ProcessorADSP-BF561(浙江大学 信息与通信工程研究所,浙江 杭州 310027) 马海杰, 刘云海摘要:介绍了基于ADI双核的数字信号处理芯片ADSP-BF561 的数字摄像系统实现方案。系统包括硬件和软件两部分,硬件主要有ADSP-BF561及其外围电路、音视频模数/数模转换、CF卡/微硬盘接口等部分。软件主要有操作系统及音视频编解码算法等部分。关键词:ADSP-BF561 ;数字摄像机;微硬盘;MPEG-4;A/D;D/A中图分类号:TN948.41文献标识码:AAbstract: An implementation of digital video camera system based on ADI dual core digital signal processor ADSP-BF561 is introduced. The system can be divided into two parts——hardware and software design. The hardware design includes ADSP-BF561 and perpheral apparatus, A/D,D/A, CF card or Microdrive and so on. The software includes operating system , audio and video coding algorithm.Key words: ADSP-BF561; digital video camera; microdrive; MPEG-4;A/D;D/A
上传时间: 2013-11-10
上传用户:yl1140vista
The PL2303 USB to Serial adapter is your smart and convenient accessory forconnecting RS-232 serial devices to your USB-equipped Windows host computer. Itprovides a bridge connection with a standard DB 9-pin male serial port connector inone end and a standard Type-A USB plug connector on the other end. You simplyattach the serial device onto the serial port of the cable and plug the USB connectorinto your PC USB port. It allows a simple and easy way of adding serial connectionsto your PC without having to go thru inserting a serial card and traditional portconfiguration.This USB to Serial adapter is ideal for connecting modems, cellular phones, PDAs,digital cameras, card readers and other serial devices to your computer. It providesserial connections up to 1Mbps of data transfer rate. And since USB does not requireany IRQ resource, more devices can be attached to the system without the previoushassles of device and resource conflicts.Finally, the PL-2303 USB to Serial adapter is a fully USB Specification compliantdevice and therefore supports advanced power management such as suspend andresume operations as well as remote wakeup. The PL-2303 USB Serial cable adapteris designed to work on all Windows operating systems.
上传时间: 2013-11-01
上传用户:ghostparker