XAPP520将符合2.5V和3.3V I/O标准的7系列FPGA高性能I/O Bank进行连接 The I/Os in Xilinx® 7 series FPGAs are classified as either high range (HR) or high performance (HP) banks. HR I/O banks can be operated from 1.2V to 3.3V, whereas HP I/O banks are optimized for OPERATION between 1.2V and 1.8V. In circumstances that require an HP 1.8V I/O bank to interface with 2.5V or 3.3V logic, a range of options can be deployed. This application note describes methodologies for interfacing 7 series HP I/O banks with 2.5V and 3.3V systems
上传时间： 2013-11-18
上传用户：yyyyyyyyyy
a8259 可编程中断控制 altera提供 The a8259 is designed to simplify the implementation of the interrupt interface in 8088 and 8086 based microcomputer systems. The device is known as a programmable interrupt controller. The a8259 receives and prioritizes up to 8 interrupts, and in the cascade mode, this can be expanded up to 64 interrupts. An asynchronous reset and a clock input have been added to improve OPERATION and reliability.
上传时间： 2014-11-28
上传用户：zhyiroy
8051参考设计，与其他8051的免费IP相比，文档相对较全，Oregano System 提供 This is version 1.3 of the MC8051 IP core. September 2002: Oregano Systems - Design & Consulting GesmbH Change history: - Improved tb_mc8051_siu_sim.vhd to verify duplex OPERATION. - Corrected problem with duplex OPERATION in file mc8051_siu_rtl.vhd
上传时间： 2014-12-28
上传用户：tb_6877751
很多不同的厂家生产各种型号的计算机，它们运行完全不同的操作系统，但TCP.IP协议族允许它们互相进行通信。这一点很让人感到吃惊，因为它的作用已远远超出了起初的设想。T C P / I P起源于6 0年代末美国政府资助的一个分组交换网络研究项目，到9 0年代已发展成为计算机之间最常应用的组网形式。它是一个真正的开放系统，因为协议族的定义及其多种实现可以不用花钱或花很少的钱就可以公开地得到。它成为被称作“全球互联网”或“因特网(Internet)”的基础，该广域网（WA N）已包含超过1 0 0万台遍布世界各地的计算机。本章主要对T C P / I P协议族进行概述，其目的是为本书其余章节提供充分的背景知识。 TCP.IP协议 缩略语 ACK (ACKnowledgment) TCP首部中的确认标志 API (Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) 地址解析协议 ARPANET(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency NETwork) (美国)国防部远景研究规划局 AS (Autonomous System) 自治系统 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 美国信息交换标准码 ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) 抽象语法记法1 BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本编码规则 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 边界网关协议 BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 伯克利I n t e r n e t域名 BOOTP (BOOTstrap Protocol) 引导程序协议 BPF (BSD Packet Filter) BSD 分组过滤器 CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing) 无类型域间选路 CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange) 商业互联网交换 CLNP (ConnectionLess Network Protocol) 无连接网络协议 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循环冗余检验 CSLIP (Compressed SLIP) 压缩的S L I P CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) 载波侦听多路存取 DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 数据电路端接设备 DDN (Defense Data Network) 国防数据网 DF (Don’t Fragment) IP首部中的不分片标志 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 动态主机配置协议 DLPI (Data Link Provider Interface) 数据链路提供者接口 DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系统 DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) 目的服务访问点 DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器 DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频 DTS (Distributed Time Service) 分布式时间服务 DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播选路协议 EBONE (European IP BackbONE) 欧洲I P主干网 EOL (End of Option List) 选项清单结束 EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议 EIA (Electronic Industries Association) 美国电子工业协会 FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 光纤分布式数据接口 FIFO (First In, First Out) 先进先出 FIN (FINish) TCP首部中的结束标志 FQDN (Full Qualified Domain Name) 完全合格的域名 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 文件传送协议 HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 高级数据链路控制 HELLO 选路协议 IAB (Internet Architecture Board) Internet体系结构委员会 IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Internet号分配机构 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Internet控制报文协议 IDRP (InterDomain Routing Protocol) 域间选路协议 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) （美国）电气与电子工程师协会 IEN (Internet Experiment Notes) 互联网试验注释 IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) Internet工程指导小组 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Internet工程专门小组 IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Internet组管理协议 IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) Internet报文存取协议 IP (Internet Protocol) 网际协议 I RTF (Internet Research Task Force) Internet研究专门小组 IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Protocol) 中间系统到中间系统协议 ISN (Initial Sequence Number) 初始序号 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织 ISOC (Internet SOCiety) Internet协会 LAN (Local Area Network) 局域网 LBX (Low Bandwidth X) 低带宽X LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议 LFN (Long Fat Net) 长肥网络 LIFO (Last In, First Out) 后进先出 LLC (Logical Link Control) 逻辑链路控制 LSRR (Loose Source and Record Route) 宽松的源站及记录路由 MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt) Internet上的多播主干网 MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息库 MILNET (MILitary NETwork) 军用网 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用I n t e r n e t邮件扩充 MSL (Maximum Segment Lifetime) 报文段最大生存时间 MSS (Maximum Segment Size) 最大报文段长度 M TA (Message Transfer Agent) 报文传送代理 MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) 最大传输单元 NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议 NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统 NIC (Network Information Center) 网络信息中心 NIT (Network Interface Tap) 网络接口栓（S u n公司的一个程序） NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) 网络新闻传送协议 NOAO (National Optical Astronomy Observatories) 国家光学天文台 NOP (No OPERATION) 无操作 NSFNET (National Science Foundation NETwork) 国家科学基金网络 NSI (NASA Science Internet) （美国）国家宇航局I n t e r n e t NTP (Network Time Protocol) 网络时间协议 NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) 网络虚拟终端 OSF (Open Software Foudation) 开放软件基金 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) 开放系统互连 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 开放最短通路优先 PAWS (Protection Against Wrapped Sequence number) 防止回绕的序号 PDU (Protocol Data Unit) 协议数据单元 POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) 可移植操作系统接口 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) 点对点协议 PSH (PuSH) TCP首部中的急迫标志 RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) 逆地址解析协议 RFC (Request For Comments) Internet的文档，其中的少部分成为标准文档 RIP (Routing Information Protocol) 路由信息协议 RPC (Remote Procedure Call) 远程过程调用 RR (Resource Record) 资源记录 RST (ReSeT) TCP首部中的复位标志 RTO (Retransmission Time Out) 重传超时 RTT (Round-Trip Time) 往返时间 SACK (Selective ACKnowledgment) 有选择的确认 SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) 串行线路I n t e r n e t协议 SMI (Structure of Management Information) 管理信息结构 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 简单邮件传送协议 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 简单网络管理协议 SSAP (Source Service Access Point) 源服务访问点 SSRR (Strict Source and Record Route) 严格的源站及记录路由 SWS (Silly Window Syndrome) 糊涂窗口综合症 SYN (SYNchronous) TCP首部中的同步序号标志 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 传输控制协议 TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) 简单文件传送协议 TLI (Transport Layer Interface) 运输层接口 TTL (Ti m e - To-Live) 生存时间或寿命 TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses) 具有更长地址的T C P和U D P Telnet 远程终端协议 UA (User Agent) 用户代理 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 用户数据报协议 URG (URGent) TCP首部中的紧急指针标志 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) 协调的统一时间 UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) Unix到U n i x的复制 WAN (Wide Area Network) 广域网 WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网 XDR (eXternal Data Representation) 外部数据表示 XID (transaction ID) 事务标识符 XTI (X/Open Transport Layer Interface) X/ O p e n运输层接口
上传时间： 2013-11-13
上传用户：tdyoung
嵌入式系统是一种应用范围非常广泛的系统。可以说除了桌面计算机和服务器外所有计算设备都属于嵌入式系统，例如从便携式音乐播放器到航天飞机上的实时系统控制都属于嵌入式系统。 大多数商用的嵌入式系统都设计成专用任务的低成本的产品。大多数的嵌入式系统都具有实时性的要求。有些功能需要非常快的主频，但其他大多数功能并不需要高速的处理能力。这些系统通过特定的器件和软件来满足实时性的要求。 简单地通过速度和成本来定义嵌入式系统是困难的，但对于大批量的产品而言，成本常常对系统设计起决定作用。通常，一个嵌入式系统的很多部分相对系统主要功能来说需要较低的性能，因此嵌入式系统和通用PC相比，能够使用一个满足辅助功能的合适的CPU，从而简化了系统设计，降低了成本。例如，数字电视的机顶盒需要处理每秒以百万兆位计的连续数据，但这些数据处理大部分是由定制的硬件来实现的，如解析、管理和编解码多个频道的数字影像。 对于大批量生产的嵌入式系统，如便携式音乐播放器或手机等，降低成本就成为最主要的问题。这些系统通常只具有几个芯片：一个高度集成的CPU，一个定制的芯片用于控制其他所有的功能，还有一个存储芯片。在这种设计中，每部分都设计成使用最小的系统功耗。 对于小批量的嵌入式应用，为了降低开发成本，常常使用PC体系结构，通过限制程序的执行时间或用一个实时操作系统来替换原先的操作系统。在这种情况下，可以使用一个或多个高性能的CPU来替换特殊用途的硬件。 嵌入式系统的软件通常运行在有限的硬件资源上：没有硬盘、操作系统、键盘或屏幕。软件一般都没有文件系统，如果有的话，也会采用Flash驱动器。如果有人机交互接口的话，也是一个小键盘或液晶显示器。硬件是计算机的物理部分，和存储在硬件中的计算机软件程序和数据区分开来。 嵌入到机械中的嵌入式系统需要长期无故障连续运行，因此它的软件需要比PC中的软件更加仔细地开发和更加严格地测试。 那么，到底什么是嵌入式系统呢？ 根据IEEE（国际电气和电子工程师协会）的定义，嵌入式系统是“控制、监视或者辅助设备、机器和车间运行的装置”（原文为devices used to control，monitor，or assist the OPERATION of equipment，machinery or plants）。这主要是从应用上加以定义的，从中可以看出嵌入式系统是软件和硬件的综合体，还可以涵盖机械等附属装置。 目前国内一个普遍被认同的定义是：以应用为中心、以计算机技术为基础，软件 硬件可裁剪，适应应用系统对功能、可靠性、成本、体积、功耗严格要求的专用计算机系统。 可以这样认为，嵌入式系统是一种专用的计算机系统，作为装置或设备的一部分。通常，嵌入式系统是一个控制程序存储在ROM中的嵌入式处理器控制板。事实上，所有带有数字接口的设备，如手表、微波炉、录像机、汽车等，都使用嵌入式系统，有些嵌入式系统还包含操作系统，但大多数嵌入式系统都是由单个程序实现整个控制逻辑。 本书是按照人事部、信息产业部全国计算机技术与软件专业技术资格（水平）考试要求编写，内容紧扣《嵌入式系统设计考试大钢》。全书共六章，分别对嵌入式系统基础知识、嵌入式微处理器与接口设计、嵌入式软件与操作系统、嵌入式软件程序设计、嵌入式系统设计与维护等知识进行了详细的讲解。最后介绍了一个典型的嵌入式系统设计案例。 本书内容丰富，结构合理，概念清晰。既可作为全国计算机技术与软件专业技术资格（水平）考试中嵌入式系统设计师级别的考试用书，供有关考生学习使用，也可作为本科生嵌入式系统相关课程教材或培训书使用。
上传时间： 2013-10-28
上传用户：dongqiangqiang
The NCV7356 is a physical layer device for a single wire data linkcapable of operating with various Carrier Sense Multiple Accesswith Collision Resolution (CSMA/CR) protocols such as the BoschController Area Network (CAN) version 2.0. This serial data linknetwork is intended for use in applications where high data rate is notrequired and a lower data rate can achieve cost reductions in both thephysical media components and in the microprocessor and/ordedicated logic devices which use the network.The network shall be able to operate in either the normal data ratemode or a high-speed data download mode for assembly line andservice data transfer OPERATIONs. The high-speed mode is onlyintended to be OPERATIONal when the bus is attached to an off-boardservice node. This node shall provide temporary bus electrical loadswhich facilitate higher speed OPERATION. Such temporary loads shouldbe removed when not performing download OPERATIONs.The bit rate for normal communications is typically 33 kbit/s, forhigh-speed transmissions like described above a typical bit rate of83 kbit/s is recommended. The NCV7356 features undervoltagelockout, timeout for faulty blocked input signals, output blankingtime in case of bus ringing and a very low sleep mode current.
上传时间： 2013-10-24
上传用户：s蓝莓汁
The CC1101 is a low-cost sub- 1 GHztransceiver designed for very low-powerwireless applications. The circuit is mainlyintended for the ISM (Industrial, Scientific andMedical) and SRD (Short Range Device)frequency bands at 315, 433, 868, and 915MHz, but can easily be programmed forOPERATION at other frequencies in the 300-348MHz, 387-464 MHz and 779-928 MHz bands.CC1101 is an improved and code compatibleversion of the CC1100 RF transceiver. Themain improvements on the CC1101 include:
上传时间： 2013-11-12
上传用户：363186
We offer a broad line of high performance low dropout (LDO) linear regulators with fasttransient response, excellent line and load regulation, and very wide input voltage rangefrom 0.9V to 100V. Output currents range from 20mA to 10A, with positive, negative andmultiple output versions available. Many devices offer output voltage OPERATION <0.8V andsome feature OPERATION as low as 0V, even with a single supply. Most are stable with ceramicoutput capacitors. LDO regulators can be applied in virtually any application.
上传时间： 2013-11-15
上传用户：努力努力再努力
Abstract: This application note illustrates the flexibility of the MAX7060 ASK/FSK transmitter. While the currently available evaluationkit (EV kit) has been optimized for the device's use in a specific frequency band (i.e., 288MHz to 390MHz), this document addresseshow the EV kit circuitry can be modified for improved OPERATION at 433.92MHz, a frequency commonly used in Europe. Twoalternative match and filter configurations are presented: one for optimizing drain efficiency, the other for achieving higher transmitpower. Features and capabilities of earlier Maxim industrial, scientific, and medical radio-frequency (ISM-RF) transmitters areprovided, allowing comparison of the MAX7060 to its predecessors. Several design guidelines and cautions for using the MAX7060are discussed.
上传时间： 2013-11-14
上传用户：swaylong
Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of OPERATIONincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode OPERATION, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of OPERATION.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
上传时间： 2014-03-25
上传用户：yyyyyyyyyy
