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The first practical examples of mobile communications were used in many countries like the USA, the UK and Germany in military services, and played a significant role in the First World War to transfer important information from the front to headquarters to take further actions. Good and secure wire ...

Public telephone operators and new independent wireless operators through- out the world are deploying wireless access in an effort to drastically reduce delivery costs in the most expensive part of the network?the local loop. Available radio technology enables both existing and new entrants to acce ...

Although the origins of radio frequency based wireless networking can be traced back to the University of Hawaii’s ALOHANET research project in the 1970s, the key events that led to wireless networking becoming one of the fastest growing technologies of the early 21st century have been the ratifica ...

It has been said that the move from narrowband to broadband access is the second revolution for the Internet — ‘broadband is more bandwidth than you can use’. Once users have experienced broadband access there is no turning back. A whole new world of applications and services becomes possible. No ...

December 2007, San Jose, California: It seems a long time ago. I walked into a big networking company to head their small Power over Ethernet (PoE) applications team. Surprisingly, I hardly knew anything about PoE prior to that day, having been a switching-power conversion engineer almost all my lif ...

RFID (radio-frequency identification) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequencyelectromagnetic fields to transfer datafrom a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking [38]. The basic technologies for RFID have been around for a l ...

We are in the era of ubiquitous computing in which the use and development of Radio Frequency Iden- tification (RFID) is becoming more widespread. RFID systems have three main components: readers, tags, and database. An RFID tag is composed of a small microchip, limited logical functionality, and an ...

I can remember buying my first electronic calculator. I was teaching a graduate level statistics course and I had to have a calculator with a square root function. Back in the late 1960s, that was a pretty high-end requirement for a calculator. I managed to purchase one at the “educational discount ...

Inventors have long dreamed of creating machines that think. This desire dates back to at least the time of ancient Greece. The mythical figures Pygmalion, Daedalus, and Hephaestus may all be interpreted as legendary inventors, and Galatea, Talos, and Pandora may all be regarded as artificial life ( ...

PLL(Phase Locked Loop)： 为锁相回路或锁相环，用来统一整合时钟信号，使高频器件正常工作，如内存的存取资料等。PLL用于振荡器中的反馈技术。 许多电子设备要正常工作，通常需要外部的输入信号与内部的振荡信号同步。一般的晶振由于工艺与成本原因，做不到很高的频率，而在需要高频应用时，由相应的器件VCO，实现转成高频 ...