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In the nineteenth century, scientists, mathematician, engineers and innovators started investigating electromagnetism. The theory that underpins wireless communications was formed by Maxwell. Early demonstrations took place by Hertz, Tesla and others. Marconi demonstrated the first wireless transmis ...

Mobile and wireless communication systems are a prominent communications technology of the twenty-first century with profound economic and social impacts in practically all parts of the world. The current state of wireless communication systems allows for a much wider scope of applications than what ...

The unguided transmission of information using electromagnetic waves at radio frequency (RF) is often referred to as wireless communications, the first demonstration of which took place at the end of the 19th cen- tury and is attributed to Hertz. The technology was, shortly thereafter, commercialise ...

Although the origins of radio frequency based wireless networking can be traced back to the University of Hawaii’s ALOHANET research project in the 1970s, the key events that led to wireless networking becoming one of the fastest growing technologies of the early 21st century have been the ratifica ...

The advent of modern wireless devices, such as smart phones and MID 1 terminals, has revolutionized the way people think of personal connectivity. Such devices encompass multiple applications ranging from voice and video to high-speed data transfer via wireless networks. The voracious appetite of tw ...

Digital radios have undergone an astonishing evolution in the last century. Born as a set of simple and power-hungry electrical and electromechanical devices for low data rate transmission of telegraph data in the Marconi age, they have transformed, thanks to substantial advances in electronic techn ...

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) phenomena have been known to mankind since the Greek Empire when Thales of Miletus, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, noticed the attraction of strands of hay to amber, leading to the coining of the word ‘‘electron.’’ In the 17th century, Gilbert and Cabeo addressed ...

Recent advancements in nanotechnology (NT) materials and growth of micro/ nanotechnology have opened the door for potential applications of microelectro- mechanical systems (MEMS)- and NT-based sensors and devices. Such sensors and devices are best suited for communications, medical diagnosis, comme ...

n its Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology declares that a twenty-first-century clean energy economy demands a twenty-first-century electric grid. 1 The start of the twenty-first century marked the acceleration of the ...

For more than a century, overhead lines have been the most commonly used technology for transmitting electrical energy at all voltage levels, especially on the highest levels. However, in recent years, an increase in both the number and length of HVAC cables in the transmission networks of different ...