sec1-1.htm

Fortran77和90/95编程入门,用于教学

style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>高效地工作。正是这些原因，促使由</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>John Backus</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>率领的</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>IBM</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>公司的一个小组研究开发最早的高级程序设计语言</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>。其目的是开发一种容易理解、简单易学又<span
class=GramE>能几乎</span>像汇编一样高效运行的语言，他们取得了极大的成功。</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语言作为第一种高级语言不仅是一次创新，也是一次革命。它使程序员摆脱了使用汇编语言的冗长乏味的负担，而且它使得不再只是计算机专家才能编写计算机程序，任何一名科学家或工程技术人员，只要稍加努力学习和使用</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，就能按自己的意图编写出用于科学计算的程序。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
10.5pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>经过不断发展，</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranI</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>形成了很多不同版本，其中最为流行的是</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1958</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年出现的</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300'>FortranII</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，它对</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranI</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>进行了很多扩充</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>(</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>如引进了子程序</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>)</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranII</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>在很多机器上得以实现。其后出现的</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIII</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>未在任何计算机上实现。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1962</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年出现的</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>对原来的</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>作了一些改变，使得</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranII</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>源程序在</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>编译程序下不能全部直接使用，导致了语言不兼容的问题。这样就形成了当时同时使用</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranII</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>和</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>两种程序设计语言的局面。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
10.5pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>正因为</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>满足了现实的需要，所以它传播得很快，在传播和使用过程中不可避免地产生了多种版本。各种</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语言的语义和语法的规定又不完全一致，这给用户带来了极大的不便。用户迫切希望有能在各种机型上能互换通用的</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语言。因此</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语言的标准化工作变得十分迫切。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1962</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>5</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>月，当时的美国标准化协会</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ASA(American Standard Association)(</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>后来改名为</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ANSI</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>—</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>American National Standards Institute</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，现名为</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>NIST</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>—</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>National Institute of Standards and
Technology)</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>成立了工作组开展此项工作，</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1966</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年正式公布了两个美国标准文本：标准基本</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran X3.10-1966(</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>相当于</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranII</span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>)</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>和标准</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran X3.9-1966(</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>相当于</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>)</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>。</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>由于</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语言在国际上的广泛使用，</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1972</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年国际标准化组织</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>(International Standard Organization</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>、简称</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ISO)</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>公布了</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ISO Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>标准，即《程序设计语言</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranISO</span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'> 1539-1972</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>》，它分为三级，一级</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>相当于</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，二级</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>介于</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranII</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>和</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>之间，三级</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>相当于</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranII</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>。</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none'><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>(</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>即</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran66)</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>流行了十几年，几乎统治了所有的数值计算领域。许多应用程序和程序库都是用</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>编写的。但很多编译程序并不向这一标准靠拢，它们往往为实现一些有用的功能而忽略标准；另外，在结构化程序设计方法提出以后，人们开始感到</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>已不能满足要求。</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>不是结构化的语言，没有直接实现三种基本结构的语句，在程序中往往需要用一些以</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>GOTO</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语句以实现特定的算法；而且为了使非标准的</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>源程序能够交换移植，产生了“预处理程序”，通过预处理程序读入非标准的</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>源程序，生成标准的</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>文本，从而实现了源程序的交换移植，但这种自动生成的</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>程序通常让人难以理解。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:
list 18.0pt;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><a name="第1_1_1b"></a><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;color:red'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>b)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;
color:red'>Fortran77</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-family:"Wingdings 3";
mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 3";mso-ansi-language:
ZH-CN;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW'>&ordf;</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
宋体;color:red'>Fortran90<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>美国标准化协会在</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1976</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年对</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ANSI X3.9-1966 Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>进行了修订，基本上把各厂家行之有效的功能都吸收了进去，此外又增加了不少新的内容，</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1978</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>4</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>月美国标准化协会正式公布将它作为美国国家标准，即</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ANSI X3.9-1978 Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，称作</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300'>Fortran77</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>。</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1980</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran77</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>被接受为国际标准，即《程序设计语言</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranISO</span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'> 1539-1980</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>》，这种新标准并不是各非标准</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>的公共子集，而是自成一体的新语言。我国制订的</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>标准，基本采用了国际标准</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>(</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>即</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran77)</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，于</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1983</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>5</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>月公布执行，标准号为</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>GB3057-82</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>。</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran77</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>还不是完全结构化的语言，但由于增加了一些结构化的语句，使</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran77</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>能用于编写结构化程序。此外，还扩充了字符处理功能。使</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>不仅可用于数值计算领域．还可以适用于非数值运算领域。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>因为</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran77</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>有着明显的局限性，为了引入一些新的功能，适应语言的发展，</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ANSI</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>在</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>80</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年代初期开始准备制定</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran8x</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>标准。当初为了与前一标准相对应，设想是</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>x=8</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>。由于要将</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran77</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>作为一个子集，同时又要确保程序的高效率，其标准化的工作花了十几年，最终在</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1991</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年通过了</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300'>Fortran90</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>新标准</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ANSI X3.198-1991</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，相应的国际化标准组织的编号为</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>ISO/IEC1539:1991</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>。新的</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>标准废弃了过时的严格的源程序书写格式，改善了语言的正规性，并提高了程序的安全性，功能有更大的扩充，是一个能适应现代程序设计思想的现代程序设计语言。为了保护对</span><span