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📁 Fortran77和90/95编程入门,用于教学
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<body bgcolor="#DDFFEE" lang=ZH-TW link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:
21.0pt;text-justify-trim:punctuation'>

<div class=Section1 style='layout-grid:15.6pt'>

<p align=center style='margin-top:15.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.6pt;
margin-left:0cm;mso-para-margin-top:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:
1.0gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;text-autospace:none'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:22.0pt;
font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>第一章</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:22.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312;color:black'>:
Fortran</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:22.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black'>语言程序设计初步</span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:22.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
楷体_GB2312;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p align=center style='margin-top:15.6pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.6pt;
margin-left:0cm;mso-para-margin-top:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:
1.0gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;text-autospace:none'><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:22.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:华文细黑;color:#333399'>Fortran</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:22.0pt;
font-family:华文细黑;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#333399'>语言的发展概况</span></b><a
name="第1_1"></a><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:22.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
华文细黑;color:#333399'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>本节介绍</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>的起源与发展历史，讲述</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
class=GramE><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>由产生</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>到形成标准</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>、</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran77</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，并进一步形成新标准</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran90/95</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>的发展历程。</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:15.6pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:15.6pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-para-margin-top:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-right:
0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;text-align:center;
line-height:200%;text-autospace:none'><a name="第1_1_1"><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-fareast-font-family:
楷体_GB2312'>1.1.1</span></a><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'> <span
style='color:red'>Fortran</span></span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:16.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red'>的历史</span><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p style='margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:
list 18.0pt;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><a name="第1_1_1a"></a><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;color:red'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>a)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:宋体;color:red'>FortranI</span></span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-family:"Wingdings 3";mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Wingdings 3";mso-ansi-language:ZH-CN;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW'>&ordf;</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;color:red'>FortranIV</span></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>是目前国际上广泛流行的一种高级语言，适用于科学计算。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>是英文</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
color:#993300'>FORmula</span></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;color:#993300'> <span class=SpellE>TRANslation</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>的缩写，意为“公式翻译”。它是为科学、工程问题中的那些能够用数学公式表达的问题而设计的语言，主要用于数值计算。这种语言简单易学，因为可以像抄写数学教科书里的公式一样书写数学公式，它比英文书写的自然语言更接近数学语言。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语言是第一个真正推广的高级语言。至今它已有四十多年历史，但仍历久不衰，始终是数值计算领域所使用的主要语言。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语言问世以来，根据需要几经发展，先后推出形成了很多版本。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;text-autospace:none;mso-char-indent-size:
10.5pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>第一代</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语言是在</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1954</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年提出来的，称为</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;color:#993300'>FortranI</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>。它于</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1956</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年在</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>IBM 704</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>计算机上得以实现。在此之前编写计算机程序是极为繁琐的，程序员需要详细了解为之编写代码的计算机的指令、寄存器和中央处理器</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>(CPU)</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>等方面的知识。源程序本身是用数学符号</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>(</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>八进制码</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>)</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>编写的，后来采用了助记符，即所谓机器码或汇编码，这些编码由汇编程序转换为指令字。在</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>50</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>年代书写和调试一个程序要很长时间，因为用这种方式编写程序显然是很不方便的，尽管它能使</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>CPU</span><span lang=ZH-CN
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