sec1-3.htm

Fortran77和90/95编程入门,用于教学

style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>?</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>”号在程序中没有确切意义。应当注意，在</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>F77</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>语句中不区分大小写字母，例如写</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>READ</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>和</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>read</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>或</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Read</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>是一样的，其它变量名和函数名中，大、小写字母也是等价的。但早期的</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>Fortran</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>卡片不允许小写，故老的程序代码都是大写的，很多人也养成了大写的习惯。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
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mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体'>在每一种计算机系统所用的</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体'>Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>编译器中，可能对字符集或其功能作某些扩充。因此在使用某一具体的计算机时，应了解它的规定。例如“</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>$</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>”号可用于从屏幕上连接输出输入字符于同一行。标准还允许</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>F90</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>扩充进各国文字，各种专业用符号，这要看厂商装入的编译系统是否支持这些字符的使用。某些系统还可以用这些字符作为字符常数或注释，注意这类字符是</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>2</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>字节长度，在计算字符串长时要加倍。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-top:15.6pt;margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:15.6pt;margin-left:0cm;mso-para-margin-top:1.0gd;mso-para-margin-right:
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mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><a name="第1_3_2"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>1.3.2</span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:第1_3_2'></span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:16.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:red'>源码格式</span><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p style='margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:
list 18.0pt'><a name="第1_3_2a"></a><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;color:red'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>a)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-family:宋体;
color:red'>固定格式</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:45.8pt 79.5pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体'>Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>作为历史上第一种高级语言，其程序编写的规则与当时使用的计算机系统有很大的关系。早期的计算机系统须用卡片将源程序输入，一张卡片相应于源程序的一行。由于卡片物理宽度的限制，因此一行程序允许的字符数也是有限的。由此决定了</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>F77</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>的格式，既为</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>F90/95</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>中的固定格式。</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

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    <p class=MsoNormal><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
    宋体'>图</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1-1
    Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>卡片。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体'>一张卡片有</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>12</span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>行</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>80</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>列。其中有</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>10</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>行分别印有</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>0</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>l</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>2</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>3</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>4</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>5</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>6</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>7</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>8</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>，</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>9</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>十个数字。第</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>O</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>行上面的第一行作为第</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>11</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>行，再上面一行为第</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>12</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>行。一个字符由相应一列上的</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>1</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>—</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>3</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>个孔个孔来代表。如源程序某行第</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>11</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>列为字符“</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>A</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>”，则在该列上第</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>12</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>行和第</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>l</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>行上各穿一个方孔。注意此卡片允许的特殊字符只有十一个。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

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    lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>卡片输入机。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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    lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>卡片穿孔机。</span><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:12.0pt;text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:
2.0;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体'>实际操作时利用卡片穿孔机，按下卡片穿孔机上某一个字符，则机器就会自动将卡片相应列中的相应位置穿上孔。如果一个源程序有</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>100</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>行，则需要</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>100</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>张卡片。在上机算题时，将穿好孔的卡片按顺序放入卡片输入机，启动机器，就将卡片上的信息输入计算机了。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'><o:p></o:p></span></p>

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