📄 sec1-4.htm
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<body bgcolor="#DDFFEE" lang=ZH-TW link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:
21.0pt;text-justify-trim:punctuation'>
<div class=Section1 style='layout-grid:15.6pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:400%'><b><span
lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:22.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:400%;
font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>数学运算</span></b><b><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:22.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:400%;
mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:200%'><a
name="第1_4_1"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:200%;mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>1.4.1</span></a><span
style='mso-bookmark:第1_4_1'></span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:16.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:red'>常量和变量类型</span><b><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;mso-fareast-font-family:
楷体_GB2312'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;
tab-stops:list 18.0pt;mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><a name="第1_4_1a"></a><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;color:red'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>a)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-family:宋体;
color:red'>常量</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:宋体;color:red'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly'><span lang=ZH-CN>常量是指其值始终不变的<span class=GramE>一些量</span>。整型、<span
class=GramE>实型</span>、双精度和<span class=GramE>复型</span>常量是算数型常量，也为常数。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='margin-left:36.75pt;text-indent:-36.75pt;
mso-char-indent-count:0;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-char-indent-size:0cm'><span lang=ZH-CN style='color:fuchsia'>整型</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>：默认值为</span><span lang=EN-US>4</span><span lang=ZH-CN>字节（其它为</span><span
lang=EN-US>1</span><span lang=ZH-CN>，</span><span lang=EN-US>2</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>，</span><span lang=EN-US>8</span><span lang=ZH-CN>字节，</span><span
lang=EN-US>Compaq Visual Fortran</span><span lang=ZH-CN>允许在</span><span
lang=EN-US>Alpha</span><span lang=ZH-CN>机上使用</span><span lang=EN-US>8</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>字节整数）。</span><span lang=EN-US>4</span><span lang=ZH-CN>字节</span><span
lang=EN-US>32</span><span lang=ZH-CN>位</span><span lang=EN-US>(bit)</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>中用一位存放数值的符号，其余为数本身</span><span lang=EN-US>(</span><span lang=ZH-CN>用二进制表示</span><span
lang=EN-US>)</span><span lang=ZH-CN>。第</span><span lang=EN-US>1</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>位为</span><span lang=EN-US>O</span><span lang=ZH-CN>表示“正”，“</span><span
lang=EN-US>1</span><span lang=ZH-CN>”表示“负”。由于用有限的内存单元存储一个整数，因此整数的范围是有限的：</span><span
lang=EN-US>-2<sup>31</sup></span><span lang=ZH-CN>—</span><span lang=EN-US>2<sup>31</sup>-1</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>，即</span><span lang=EN-US>-2147483648</span><span lang=ZH-CN>—</span><span
lang=EN-US>2147483647</span><span lang=ZH-CN>之间，大约为±</span><span lang=EN-US>21</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>亿。</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='text-indent:157.45pt;mso-char-indent-count:
13.12;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>11111111 <span
class=SpellE>11111111</span> <span class=SpellE>11111111</span> <span
class=SpellE>11111111</span> = -1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='text-indent:157.45pt;mso-char-indent-count:
13.12;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>11111111 <span
class=SpellE>11111111</span> <span class=SpellE>11111111</span> 11111110 = -2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='text-indent:157.45pt;mso-char-indent-count:
13.12;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>10000000 00000000 <span
class=SpellE>00000000</span> <span class=SpellE>00000000</span> = -2147483648<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='text-indent:157.45pt;mso-char-indent-count:
13.12;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-char-indent-size:
12pt'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>01111111 11111111 <span
class=SpellE>11111111</span> <span class=SpellE>11111111</span> <span
class=GramE>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>2147483647</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:
exactly'><span lang=ZH-CN style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>例：</span><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>12345678<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>-256<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(1,000,000 </span><span
lang=ZH-CN style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>或</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'> 125. </span><span lang=ZH-CN style='mso-font-kerning:
0pt'>是错误的</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='text-indent:60.85pt;mso-char-indent-count:
5.07;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>1234567890123_8<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(8</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>字节整数</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:
0pt'>)<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span><span style='color:#993366'>(F90)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='text-indent:60.85pt;mso-char-indent-count:
5.07;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>912345678901_k<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(k</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>为定义精度的参量</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:
0pt'>)<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='color:#993366'>(F90)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='margin-left:36.75pt;text-indent:-36.75pt;
mso-char-indent-count:0;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-char-indent-size:0cm'><span class=GramE><span lang=ZH-CN style='color:fuchsia'>实型</span></span><span
lang=ZH-CN>：默认值为</span><span lang=EN-US>4</span><span lang=ZH-CN>字节（其它为</span><span
lang=EN-US>8</span><span lang=ZH-CN>字节）。实数是有小数点的数，有效位数为</span><span lang=EN-US>7</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>位，其绝对值的范围与计算机系统和精度型（单精度和双精度）有关。实数有两种表示形式：</span><span lang=EN-US
style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='margin-left:60.0pt;text-indent:-26.1pt;
mso-char-indent-count:0;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;
mso-list:l0 level2 lfo4;tab-stops:49.5pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol;mso-font-kerning:0pt'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'><img width=13
height=13 src="Sec1-4.files/image001.gif" alt="*"><span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=ZH-CN style='color:fuchsia'>小数形式</span><span
lang=ZH-CN>：即日常习惯使用的小数形式。</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='text-indent:97.45pt;mso-char-indent-count:
8.12;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>3.141592<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>-0.125<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>3.0<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>-2.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>等</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:
0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent3 style='text-indent:97.45pt;mso-char-indent-count:
8.12;line-height:17.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-char-indent-size:12pt'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>3.14159265358979_8<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(8</span><span lang=ZH-CN
style='mso-font-kerning:0pt'>字节实数</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-font-kerning:
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