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<TD align=middle><FONT size=3>1998年1月托福阅读全真试题 </FONT></TD></TR>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 16.0pt 34.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>Questions 31-40<O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 16.0pt 34.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate
assemblage of living things depends on the existences of other
organisms. This interdependence is sometimes subtle, sometimes
obvious. Perhaps the most straight forward dependence of one species
on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other
living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic
way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms( including
viruses and bacteria) and an army of invertebrates – or creatures
lacking a spinal column (including crustaceans, insects, and many
different types of worms ) –make their livings directly at the
expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living
things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting
their bodies from invasion by other organisms.<O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 16.0pt 34.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete
substances known as antibiotics into their external environment.
These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of
various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby
eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same
principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of
organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or
bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward
off the invaders.<O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 16.0pt 34.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Members of
the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense
mechanisms<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary
considerably, all major <O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN></I></B><SPAN lang=EN-US>groups of animals are capable of
detecting and reacting to the presence of "foreign" cells. In fact,
throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of
worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal
column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of
tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from
genetically compatible or closely related individuals.<O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></I></B><SPAN lang=EN-US>The
ability to distinguish between "self" and "nonself", while present
in all animals, is most efficient among vertebrates, which have
developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune
system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and
transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells.<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>31.What does the passage mainly discuss?<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>how
parasites reproduce<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>how organisms react to
invaders<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>how antibiotics work to cure
disease<O:P> <BR>(D) how the immune systems of vertebrates
developed<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>32.The word "intricate" iii line 1 is closest in meaning
to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>difficult<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>widespread<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>critical<O:P> <BR>(D)
complex<O:P> <O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>33.The
expression "an army" in line 6 is closest in meaning to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>an illness<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>an attack<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a large
number<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a
distinct type<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>34.The
expression "an army in line 6 is closest in meaning to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>an
illness<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>an attack<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a large
number<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a
distinct type<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>35.According to the passage, some organisms produce
antibiotics in order to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>prevent disease in humans
<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>aid
digestion<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>fight off other organisms<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>create new types
of nutrients<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>35.The
word "vary" in line 19 is closest in meaning to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>differ<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>endure<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>balance<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>contribute<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>36.The
word "they" in line 23 refers to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>sponges, worms and
shellfish<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>vertebrates<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>individuals<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>transplants<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>37.According to the passage, a transplant of tissue
between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the
transplanted tissue<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>becoming a parasite<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>being
treated as an invader<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>altering its genetic
makeup<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>developing a new immune system<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>38.
According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between "self"
and "nonself" enables vertebrates to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>accept transplanted cells<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>detect and
react to invasion<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>weaken their immune
system<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>get
rid of antibiotics<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>39.All
of the following ate defined in the passage EXCEPT<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>parasites(line
4)<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>invertebrates(line7)<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>nutrients
(line14)<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>vertebrates(line 22)<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 22.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>40.The
paragraph following the passage most probably discusses<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>how the
immune system in vertebrates fights off foreign cells<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>different
types of bacteria and lung<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>how vertebrates and
invertebrates differ<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>examples of different groups
of organisms<O:P>
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