96-8托福阅读试题5.htm

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          <TD align=middle><FONT size=3>1996年8月托福阅读全真试题</FONT></TD></TR>
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          <TD class=l17><FONT class=f14 id=zoom><BR>Questions 
            42-50<BR>Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying 
            <BR>prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques 
            <BR>have been systematically applied to studies of the more 
            <BR>immediate past. This has been called "historical archaeology," a 
            <BR>term that is used in the United States to refer to any 
            <BR>archaeological investigation into North American sites that 
            postdate <BR>the arrival of Europeans.
            <P></P>
            <P>Back in the 1930's and 1940's, when building restoration <BR>was 
            popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of 
            <BR>architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to 
            <BR>find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back 
            <BR>seat to architects. 
            <P>The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the 
            <BR>1950's and 1960's. Most people entering historical archaeology 
            <BR>during this period came out of university anthropology 
            de-<BR>partments., where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They 
            <BR>were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their 
            <BR>work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed 
            <BR>and the techniques they used were designed to help them 
            <BR>understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because they 
            <BR>were treading on historical ground for which there was often 
            <BR>extensive written documentation and because their own knowledge 
            <BR>of these periods was usually limited, their contributions <BR>to 
            American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, <BR>highly 
            technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread. 
            <P>More recently, professional archaeologists have taken <BR>over. 
            These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their <BR>work can 
            be a valuable tool not only of science but also of <BR>history, 
            providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary <BR>people 
            whose existences might not otherwise be so well <BR>documented. This 
            newer emphasis on archaeology as social history <BR>has shown great 
            promise, and indeed work done in this area <BR>has lead to a 
            reinterpretation of the United States past. 
            <P>In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has <BR>uncovered 
            that indicates that English goods were being <BR>smuggled into that 
            city at a time when the Dutch supposedly <BR>controlled trading in 
            the area. And in Sacramento an <BR>excavation at site of a 
            fashionable nineteenth-century hotel <BR>revealed that garbage had 
            been stashed in the building's base-<BR>ment despite sanitation laws 
            to the contrary.<BR>42.What does the passage mainly discuss?<BR>(A) 
            Why historical archaeology was first developed.<BR>(B) How the 
            methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed.<BR>(C) 
            The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.<BR>(D) 
            The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical 
            archaeology.<BR>43.According to the first paragraph, what is a 
            relatively new focus in archaeology?<BR>(A) Investigating the recent 
            past.<BR>(B) Studying prehistoric cultures.<BR>(C) Excavating 
            ancient sites in what is now the United States.<BR>(D) Comparing 
            finding made in North America and Europe.<BR>44.According to the 
            passage, when had historical archaeologists been trained as 
            anthropologist?<BR>(A) Prior to the 1930's<BR>(B) During the 1930's 
            and 1940's<BR>(C) During the 1950's and 1960's<BR>(D) After the 
            1960's<BR>45.The word "framed" in line 18 is closest in meaning to 
            <BR>(A) understood<BR>(B) read<BR>(C) avoided<BR>(D) posed<BR>46.In 
            the third paragraph, the author implies that the techniques of 
            history and the techniques of social science are<BR>(A) quite 
            different from each other<BR>(B) equally useful in studying 
            prehistoric cultures<BR>(C) usually taught to students of 
            archaeology<BR>(D) both based on similar principles<BR>47.The phrase 
            "their contributions" in line 23 refers to the contributions 
            of<BR>(A) social scientists<BR>(B) prehistoric cultures<BR>(C) 
            historians<BR>(D) documentation and knowledge<BR>48.The author 
            mentions an excavation at the site of a hotel in Sacramento in order 
            to give an example of<BR>(A) a building reconstruction 
            project<BR>(B) the work of the earliest historical 
            archaeologists<BR>(C) a finding that conflicts with written 
            records<BR>(D) the kind of information that historians routinely 
            examine<BR>49.The word "supposedly" in line 36 is closest in meaning 
            to <BR>(A) ruthlessly<BR>(B) tightly<BR>(C) barely<BR>(D) 
            seemingly<BR>50.The word "sanitation" in line 40 is closest in 
            meaning to<BR>(A) city<BR>(B) housing<BR>(C) health<BR>(D) trade 
            </P></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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