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<TD align=middle><FONT size=3>1998年1月托福阅读全真试题 </FONT></TD></TR>
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<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>Question 20-30<O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>A great deal can be learned from the actual traces of ancient
human locomotion: the footprints of early hominids. The best-known
specimens are the remarkable tracks discovered at Lactoli, Tanzania,
by Mary Leaky. These were left by small hominids around 3.6 to 3.75
million years ago, according to potassium – argon dates of the
volcanic rocks above and below this level. These hominids walked
across a stretch of moist volcanic ash, which was subsequently
turned to mud by rain, and which then set like concrete.<O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Examination of he shape of the prints revealed to Mary Leakey
that the feet had a raised arch, a rounded heel, a pronounced ball,
and a big toe that pointed forward. These features, together with
the weight-bearing pressure patterns, resembled the prints of
upright-walking modern humans. The pressures exerted along the foot,
together with the length of stride, which averaged 87 centimeters,
indicated that the hominids had been walking slowly. In short, all
the detectable morphological features implied that the feet that
left the footprints were very little different from those of
contemporary humans.<O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>A detailed study has been made of the prints using
photogrammetry, a technique for obtaining measurements through
photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and
contours of the prints. The result emphasized that there were at
least seven points of similarity with modern bipedal prints, such as
the depth of the heel impression, and the deep imprint of the big
toe. M Day and E. Wickens also took stereophotographs of the Lactoli
prints and compared them with modern prints make by men and women in
similar soil conditions. Once again, the results furnished possible
evidence of bipedalism. Footprints thus provide us not merely with
rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with
evidence of upright waling that in many ways is clearer than can be
obtained from the analysis of bones.<O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The
study of fossil footprints is not restricted to examples from such
remote periods. Hundreds of prints are known, for example, in French
caves dating from the end of the last ices age, approximately 10,000
years ago. Research by Leon Pales, using detailed silicon resin
molds of footprints mostly made by bare feet, has provided
information about this period.<O:P> <O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>20.What does the passage mainly discuss?<O:P>
<BR>(A)The analysis of footprint fossils<O:P>
<BR>(B)Accurate dating of hominid remains<O:P> <BR>(C)
the career of Mary Leakey<O:P> <BR>(D)Behavioral patterns of
early humans<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>21.The word "remarkable" in line 2 is closest in meaning
to<O:P> <BR>(A) extraordinary<O:P> <BR>(B) enormous<O:P>
<BR>(C) various<O:P> <BR>(D) orderly<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>22.The age of the Laetoli footprints was estimated
by<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>testing the fossilized bones
of the hominids<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>studying the shape of the footprints<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>analyzing nearly rock layers
<O:P> <BR>(D) comparison with footprints from other
locations<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>23.It can be inferred that the footprints in volcanic ash
at Laetoli were well preserved because<O:P> <BR>(A) they were
buried by a second volcanic eruption<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>the ash contained potassium
anti argon<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>the ash was still warm from
the volcanic cruptions<O:P> <BR>(D) suitable conditions caused
the ash 10 harden<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -13.7pt; tab-stops: 13.0pt 16.0pt 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>24.Which or the following is NOT mentioned as a
characteristic of the feet in Mary Leakey's fossil find?<O:P>
<BR>(A)The shape or the heel<O:P> <BR>(B)The number of
toes<O:P> <BR>(C)A raised arch<O:P> <BR>(D)A pronounced
ball<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US>25.The
word "exerted" in line 11 is closest in meaning to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>influenced<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>applied<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>returned<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>lessened<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -1.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>26.The figure of 87 centimeters mentioned in line 1 2
refers to the size of the<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>objects carried by the
hominids<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>steps taken by the
hominids<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>hominids bodies<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>hominids
feet<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 17.9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.9pt; tab-stops: 16.0pt 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>27.Why does the author mention the "heel impression" in
line 19?<O:P> <BR>(A) To emphasize the size of the hominids
foot<O:P> <BR>(B) To speculate on a possible injury the
hominid had suffered <O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>To give an example of
similarity to modern human footprints<O:P> <BR>(D) To indicate
the weight of early hominids<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt; TEXT-INDENT: -20pt; tab-stops: 152.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>28.The word "restricted" in line 26 is closest in meaning
to<O:P> <BR>(A) limited<O:P> <BR>(B) improved<O:P>
<BR>(C) continued<O:P> <BR>(D) succeeded<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 152.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>29.What can be inferred about the footprints found in
French caves mentioned in the last paragraph?<O:P> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>(A)They show more detail
than the Laetoli prints.<O:P> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>(B)They are of more
recent origin than the Laetoli prints.<O:P> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>(C)They are not as
informative as the Laetoli prints.<O:P> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>(D)They are more
difficult to study than the Laetoli prints<O:P> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 34.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>30.Which of the following terms is defined in the
passage?<O:P> <BR> (A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>"hominids" (line 3)<O:P>
<BR> (B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>"arch" (line 9)<O:P>
<BR> (C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>"photogrammetry" (line
16)<O:P> <BR> (D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>"silicon resin molds"(line
29)<O:P> </SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <BR></FONT></SPAN></B></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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