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<P align=left> </P>
<P align=left>Questions 1-10<BR>The word laser was coined as an
acronym for Light <BR>Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of
Radiation. Ordinary <BR>light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is
emitted spontaneously, <BR>when atoms or molecules get rid of excess
energy by themselves, <BR>without any outside intervention.
Stimulated emission <BR>is different because it occurs when an atom
or molecule holding <BR>onto excess energy has been stimulated to
emit it as light.</P>
<P>Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of
<BR>stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However ,
<BR>for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules
<BR>always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and
<BR>that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.
<BR>It was not until after the Second World War that physicists
<BR>began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They
<BR>sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate
<BR>many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher
<BR>powers.
<P>The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then at <BR>Colombia
University in New York . Instead of working with <BR>light ,
however, he worked with microwaves, which have a <BR>much longer
wavelength, and built a device he called a <BR>"maser" for Microwave
Amplification by the Stimulated <BR>Emission of Radiation. Although
he thought of the key idea in <BR>1951, the first maser was not
completed until a couple of years <BR>later. Before long, many other
physicists were building masers <BR>and trying to discover how to
produce stimulated emission at <BR>even shorter wavelength.
<P>The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and <BR>Arthur
Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote <BR>a long
paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify <BR>stimulated
emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, <BR>similar
ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a <BR>37-
year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them <BR>down in a
series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow <BR>published their ideas
in a scientific journal, Physical Review <BR>Letter, but Gould filed
a patent application. Three decades later,<BR>people still argue
about who deserves the credit for the concept <BR>of the
laser.<BR>1.The word "coined" in line 1 could best be replaced
by<BR>(A) created<BR>(B) mentioned<BR>(C) understood<BR>(D)
discovered<BR>2.The word "intervention" in line 5 can best be
replaced by<BR>(A) need<BR>(B) device<BR>(C) influence<BR>(D)
source<BR>3.The word "it" in line 6 refers to <BR>(A) light
bulb<BR>(B) energy<BR>(C) molecule<BR>(D) atom<BR>4.Which of the
following statements best describes a laser?<BR>(A) A device for
stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light.<BR>(B) An atom in a
high-energy state.<BR>(C) A technique for destroying atoms or
molecules.<BR>(D) An instrument for measuring light waves.<BR>5.Why
was Towne's early work with stimulated emission done with
microwaves?<BR>(A) He was not concerned with light
amplification.<BR>(B) It was easier to work with longer
wavelengths.<BR>(C) His partner Schawlow had already begun work on
the laser.<BR>(D) The laser had already been developed.<BR>6.In his
research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of
the following EXCEPT<BR>(A) stimulated emission<BR>(B)
microwaves<BR>(C) light amplification<BR>(D) a maser<BR>7.In
approximately what year was the first maser built?<BR>(A)
1917<BR>(B) 1951<BR>(C) 1953<BR>(D) 1957<BR>8.The word "emerged" in
line 28 is closest in meaning to <BR>(A) increased<BR>(B)
concluded<BR>(C) succeeded<BR>(D) appeared<BR>9.The word "outlining"
in line 30 is closest in meaning to<BR>(A) assigning<BR>(B)
studying<BR>(C) checking<BR>(D) summarizing<BR>10.Why do people
still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the
laser?<BR>(A) The researchers' notebooks were lost.<BR>(B) Several
people were developing the idea at the same time.<BR>(C) No one
claimed credit for the development until recently.<BR>(D) The work
is still
incomplete.<BR></FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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