95-5月托福阅读试题.htm

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<p align="center"><font color="#669933">TOEFL READING 1995/05(1)</font></p>
<hr>
<p align="left">资料来源：峰和梁</p>
<p align="left">（1）（2）（3）（4）（5）</p>
<p align="left">Before the 1850's the United States had a number of 
small colleges ,most of them dating from colonial days .They were 
small ,church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to 
shape the moral character of their students .</p>
<p align="left">Throughout Europe ,institutions of higher learning had 
developed ,bearing the ancient name of university .In Germany a different 
kind of university had developed . The German university was concerned 
primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between 
mid-century and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young 
Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home ,went to Germany 
for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of 
venerable colleges --- Harvard ,Yale , Columbia --- and transform 
them into modem universities .The new presidents broke all ties with 
the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were 
hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the 
proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new 
principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as 
pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. 
Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of 
lecturing , in which the professor's own research was presented in 
class . Graduate training leading to the Ph.D, an ancient German degree 
signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment ,was 
introduced .With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate 
students learned to question ,analyze, and conduct their own research 
.</p>
<p align="left">At the same time ,the new university greatly expanded 
in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old , 
constricted curriculum of mathematics ,classics ,rhetoric ,and music 
. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system ,by which 
students were able to choose their own courses of study .The notion 
of major fields of study emerged .The new goal was to make the university 
relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the 
practical needs of society ,the new universities trained men and women 
to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic 
of the new regime . Students were also trained as economists ,architects 
,agriculturalists ,social welfare workers ,and teachers.</p>
<p align="left">重点单词：</p>
<p align="left">date : n. 日期,约会,枣椰子;vt. 约会,定日期;vi. 注明日期,过时;n. DOS命令:显示或设置系统日期</p>
<p align="left">colonial : a. 殖民的,殖民地的</p>
<p align="left">connect : vt. vi. 连接,联合,关连</p>
<p align="left">primary : n. 最主要者,原色;a. 主要的,初期的,根本的,原始的,首要的,基本的</p>
<p align="left">concern : n. 关心,忧虑;vt. 与...有关,使担心,挂虑</p>
<p align="left">moral : n. 道德,品行,寓意;a. 道德的,品性端正的,良心的</p>
<p align="left">bearing : n. 举止,轴承,忍受,方向,意义,关系,生育</p>
<p align="left">ancient : a. 远古的,旧的</p>
<p align="left">develop : vt. 发展,发达,进步,洗印,显影;vi. 发展,生长</p>
<p align="left">primarily : ad. 主要地,首先地,基本地</p>
<p align="left">spreading : 撒布</p>
<p align="left">dissatisfy : vt. 使感觉不满,不满足</p>
<p align="left">advanced : a. 高等的,在前的,年老的,先进的</p>
<p align="left">venerable : a. 庄严的,值得尊敬的</p>
<p align="left">Harvard : 美国哈佛大学</p>
<p align="left">Yale : n. 耶鲁</p>
<p align="left">Columbia : n. 哥伦比亚</p>
<p align="left">transform : vt. 转换,改变,改造,使...变形;vi. 改变,转化,变换</p>
<p align="left">tie : n. 带子,线,鞋带,不分胜负,关系,领带,领结,平局,束缚;vt. 系,打结,扎,约束,与...成平局;vi. 
结合,打结,不分胜负</p>
<p align="left">faculty : n. 才能,能力,全体教员,(大学的)系</p>
<p align="left">hire : n. 租金,租用,雇用;vt. 雇请,出租;vi. 受雇</p>
<p align="left">proper : a. 适当的,高尚的,专属的;ad. 完全地,彻底地</p>
<p align="left">discipline : n. 训练,纪律;vt. 训练,惩罚</p>
<p align="left">principle : n. 原则,原理,主义</p>
<p align="left">compose : vt. 组成,写作,作曲,使平静,编写;vi. 创作,排字</p>
<p align="left">scholar : n. 学者,公费生,有文化者,学习者</p>
<p align="left">drilling : n. 演练</p>
<p align="left">rote : n. 机械性的背诵,反复,死记硬背</p>
<p align="left">lecture : n. 演讲,谴责,教训;vt. 演讲,训诫,说教;vi. 讲演</p>
<p align="left">present : n. 礼物,现在,瞄准;a. 现在的,出席的,当面的;vt. 介绍,引见,赠送,上演,提出,呈现;vi. 
举枪瞄准</p>
<p align="left">signify : vt. 象征,预示;vi. 要紧,重要</p>
<p align="left">attainment : n. 达到</p>
<p align="left">seminar : n. 研究会,讨论发表会</p>
<p align="left">analyze : vt. 分析,分解</p>
<p align="left">conduct : n. 行为,举动,指导;vt. 引导,指挥,管理,实施;vi. 引导,传导,指挥</p>
<p align="left">expand : vt. 使膨胀,详述,扩张;vi. 张开,发展;v. 展开</p>
<p align="left">constrict : vt. 压缩,束紧,使收缩;vi. 压缩</p>
<p align="left">curriculum : n. 课程</p>
<p align="left">classic : n. 古典作品,杰作,第一流艺术家;a. 第一流的,最优秀的,古典的</p>
<p align="left">rhetoric : n. 修辞,修辞学,华丽虚饰的语言</p>
<p align="left">elective : a. 选举的,根据选举的,选任的;n. 选修课程</p>
<p align="left">notion : n. 概念,观念,想法,打算,主张</p>
<p align="left">emerge : vi. 浮现,形成,(由某种状态)脱出,(事实)显现出来</p>
<p align="left">relevant : a. 有关联的,中肯的,有关系的,成比例的,相应的,适当的</p>
<p align="left">pursuit : n. 追踪,追捕,追求,追赶,工作,职业</p>
<p align="left">heed : n. 注意,留心;vt. vi. 注意,留心</p>
<p align="left">characteristic : n. 特性,特征,特色;a. 特性的,本性的,有特色的</p>
<p align="left">regime : n. 政权,当权期间,政体,社会制度</p>
<p align="left">economist : n. 经济学者,经济家</p>
<p align="left">architect : n. 建筑师,设计者,造物主</p>
<p align="left"><a href="http://www.eol.com.cn/" target="_blank"><font color="#3399FF">以上由教育热线提供</font></a></p>
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