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<TD align=middle><FONT size=3>1997年5月托福阅读全真试题</FONT></TD></TR>
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<P class=MsoNormal><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><O:P> </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR>Question
1-8<O:P> <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>With
Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving <BR>enters
into the story of modern sculpture in the United
States. <BR>Direct carving - in which the sculptors themselves
carve stone <BR>or wood with mallet and chisel - must be
recognized as some<BR>-thing more than just a technique. Implicit in
it is an aesthetic <BR>principle as well: that the medium has
certain qualities of beauty <BR>and expressiveness with which
sculptors must bring their <BR>own aesthetic sensibilities into
harmony. For example, some-<BR>times the shape or veining in a piece
of stone or wood suggests, <BR>perhaps even dictates, not only
the ultimate form, but <BR>even the subject
matter.<O:P> <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR>
</SPAN>The technique of direct carving was a break with the
nineteenth-<BR>century tradition in which the making of a clay
model <BR>was considered the creative act and the work was then
turned <BR>over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or
bronze or carved <BR>in marble. Neoclassical sculptors seldom
held a mallet or chisel <BR>in their own hands, readily
conceding that the assistants they <BR>employed were far better
than they were at carving the
finished <BR>marble.<O:P> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>With the
turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the <BR>discovery of
nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as <BR>wooden
African figures and masks, there arose a new urge
for <BR>hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction
with the <BR>medium. Even as early as the 1880's and 1890's,
nonconformist <BR>European artists were attempting direct
carving. By <BR>the second decade of the twentieth century,
Americans - <BR>Laurent and Zorach most notably - had adopted
it as their primary <BR>means of working.<O:P> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>Born in France, Robert
Laurent(1890-1970) was a prodigy <BR>who received his education
in the United States. In 1905 <BR>he was sent to Paris as an
apprentice to an art dealer, and in <BR>the years that followed
he witnessed the birth of Cubism, <BR>discovered primitive art,
and learned the techniques of wood-<BR>carving from a frame
maker.<O:P> <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR>
</SPAN>Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began
carving <BR>pieces such as The Priestess, which reveals his
fascination with <BR>African, pre-Columbian, and South Pacific
art. Taking a walnut <BR>plank, the sculptor carved the
expressive, stylized design.<BR>It is one of the earliest examples
of direct carving in American <BR>sculpture. The plank's form
dictated the rigidly frontal view <BR>and the low relief. Even
its irregular shape must have appealed <BR>to Laurent as a
break with a long-standing tradition that <BR>required a
sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.<O:P>
<BR>1.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The word "medium"
in line 5 could be used to refer to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>stone or wood<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>mallet and
chisel<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>technique<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>principle<O:P>
<BR>2.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>What is one of
the fundamental principles of direct carving?<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>A sculptor
must work with talented assistants.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The subject of a sculpture
should be derived from classical stories.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The material is an important
element in a sculpture.<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Designing a sculpture is a
more creative activity than carving it.<O:P> <BR>(3)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The word "dictates" in line 8 is
closest in meaning to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>reads aloud<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>determines<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>includes<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>records<O:P> <BR>4.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century
tradition of sculpture?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Sculptors are personally
involved in the carving of a piece.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Sculptors find their
inspiration in neoclassical sources.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Sculptors have replaced the
mallet and chisel with other tools.<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Sculptors receive more formal
training.<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><BR></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">5</SPAN>.<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The word "witnessed" in line 23 is
closest in meaning to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>influenced<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>studied<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>validated<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>observed<O:P> <BR>6.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve?<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>New
York<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Africa<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The South Pacific<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Paris.<O:P>
<BR>7.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The phrase "a
break with" in line 30 is closest in meaning to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a
destruction of<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a departure from<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a collapse
of<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a
solution to<O:P> <BR>8.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following
characteristics EXCEPT:<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The design is stylized.<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>It is made
of marble.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>The carving is not deep.<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>It depicts the front of a
person.<O:P>
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