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<TD align=middle><FONT size=3>1998年5月托福阅读全真试题 </FONT></TD></TR>
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<P align=left class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 34.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>Questions 12-20<O:P> <BR>The elements other than
hydrogen and helium exist in <BR>such small quantities that it
is accurate to say that the universe <BR>somewhat more than <I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">25 </I>percent helium by weight
and <BR>somewhat less than 25 percent
hydrogen.<O:P> </SPAN><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-US>Astronomers have measured the abundance of
helium <BR>throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as well.
Helium <BR>has been found In old stars, in relatively young
ones, in interstellar <BR>gas, and in the distant objects known
as quasars. Helium <BR>nuclei have also been found to be
constituents of cosmic <BR>rays that fall on the earth (cosmic
"rays" are not really a form <BR>of radiation; they consist of
rapidly moving particles of numerous <BR>different kinds). It
doesn't seem to make very much difference <BR>where the helium
is found. Its relative abundance never <BR>seems to vary<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>much. In some places,
there may be slightly <BR>more of it; In others, slightly less,
but the ratio of helium to <BR>hydrogen nuclei always remains
about the same.<O:P> <BR>Helium is created in stars. In fact,
nuclear reactions that <BR>convert hydrogen to<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>helium are
responsible for most of the <BR>energy that stars produce.
However, the amount of helium that <BR>could have been produced
in this manner can be calculated, <BR>and it turns out to be no
more than a few percent. The <BR>universe has not existed long
enough for this figure to be <BR>significantly greater.
Consequently, if the universe is somewhat <BR>more than 25
percent helium now, then it must have been <BR>about 25 percent
helium at a time near the beginning..<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><BR>However, when the universe was less than one
minute <BR>old, no helium could have existed. Calculations
indicate that <BR>before this time temperatures were too high
and particles of <BR>matter were moving around much too
rapidly. It was only <BR>after the one-minute point that helium
could exist. By this time, <BR>the universe had cooled
sufficiently that neutrons and protons <BR>could stick
together. But the nuclear reactions that led to
the <BR>formation of helium went on for only a relatively short
time. <BR>By the time the universe was a few minutes old,
helium <BR>production had effectively ceased.<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.6pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.6pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>12.What does the passage mainly explain?<O:P>
<BR>(A)How stars produce energy<O:P> <BR>(B)The
difference between helium and hydrogen<O:P> <BR>(C)When most
of the helium in the universe was formed<O:P> <BR>(D)Why
hydrogen is abundant<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 21.6pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21.6pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>13.According to the passage, helium is<O:P> <BR>(A)
the second-most abundant element in the universe<O:P> <BR>(B)
difficult to detect<O:P> <BR>(C) the oldest element in the
universe<O:P> <BR>(D) the most prevalent element in
quasars</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>14.The word "constituents" in line 9 is closest in
meaning to<O:P> <BR>(A) relatives<O:P> <BR>(B)
causes<O:P> <BR>(C)components<O:P> <BR>(D) targets<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>15.Why does the author mention "cosmic<B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </B>rays'</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">t'
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>in line 10?<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><BR>(A)As part of a list of things containing helium<O:P>
<BR>(B)As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>To explain
how the universe began<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>To explain the abundance of
hydrogen in the universe<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>16.The word "vary" in line 14 is closest ill meaning
to<O:P> <BR>(A) mean<O:P> <BR>(B) stretch<O:P>
<BR>(C) change<O:P> <BR>(D) include<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>17.The creation of helium within stars<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>cannot be
measured<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>produces energy<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>produces
hydrogen as a by-product<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>causes helium to be much more
abundant In old stars than In young star:<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>18.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The word
"calculated" in line 20 is closest in meaning to<O:P> <BR>(A)
ignored<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>converted<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>increased<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>determined<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 14.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -14.4pt; tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>19.Most of the helium in the universe was
formed<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>in interstellar space<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>in a very
short time<O:P> <BR>(C)during the first minute of the
universe's existence<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>before most of the
hydrogen</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P align=left class=MsoNormal style="tab-stops: 30.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>20.The word "ceased" in line 35 is closest in meaning
to<O:P> </SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><BR>(A)</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US>extended<O:P>
<BR>(B)performed<O:P> <BR>(C)taken hold<O:P>
<BR>(D)stopped<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
<BR></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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