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<P></P>
<P>Questions 45-50</P>
<P align=left>Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies.
Eruptions <BR>at glaciated volcanoes typically destroy ice fields,
as they <BR>did in 1980 when 70 percent of Mount Saint Helens ice
cover <BR>was demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers
gain <BR>the upper hand cutting deeply into volcanic cones and
eventually <BR>reducing them to rubble. Only rarely do these
competing <BR>forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to
create a <BR>phenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier
<BR>National Park.
<P>Located inside Rainier's two ice-filled summit craters, <BR>these
caves form a labyrinth of tunnels and vaulted chambers <BR>about one
and one-half miles in total length. Their creation <BR>depends on an
unusual combination of factors that nature <BR>almost never brings
together in one place. The cave-making <BR>recipe calls for a steady
emission of volcanic gas and heat, a <BR>heavy annual snowfall at an
elevation high enough to keep it <BR>from melting during the summer,
and a bowl-shaped crater to <BR>hold the snow.
<P>Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier's summit craters is
<BR>compacted and compressed into a dense form of ice called firn,
<BR>a substance midway between ordinary ice and the denser
crystalline <BR>ice that makes up glaciers. Heat rising from
numerous <BR>openings (called fumaroles) along the inner crater
walls melts <BR>out chambers between the rocky walls and the
overlying ice <BR>pack. Circulating currents of warm air then melt
additional <BR>opening in the firn ice, eventually connecting the
individual <BR>chambers and, in the larger of Rainier's two craters,
forming <BR>a continuous passageway that extends two- thirds of the
way <BR>around the crater's interior.
<P>To maintain<U> </U>the cave system, the elements of fire under
<BR>ice must remain in equilibrium. Enough snow must fill the
<BR>crater each year to replace that melted from below. If too
<BR>much volcanic heat is discharged, the crater's ice pack will
<BR>melt away entirely and the caves will vanish along with the
<BR>snow of yesteryear. If too little heat is produced, the ice,
<BR>replenished annually by winter snowstorms, will expand, pushing
<BR>against the enclosing crater walls and smothering the present
<BR>caverns in solid firn ice.</P>
<P>45.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?</P>
<P>(A) The importance of snowfall for Mount Rainier.<BR>(B) The
steam caves of Mount Rainier.<BR>(C) how ice covers are
destroyed.<BR>(D) The eruption of Mount Saint Helens in 1980.</P>
<P>46.The word "they" in line 2 refers to</P>
<P>(A) fields <BR>(B) intervals<BR>(C) eruptions<BR>(D) enemies</P>
<P>47.According to the passage long periods of volcanic inactivity
can lead to a volcanic cone's</P>
<P>(A) strongest eruption<BR>(B) sudden growth<BR>(C)
destruction<BR>(D) unpredictability</P>
<P>48.The second paragraph mentions all of the following as
necessary elements in the creation of steam caves EXCEPT</P>
<P>(A) a glacier<BR>(B) a crater<BR>(C) heat<BR>(D) snow</P>
<P>49.According to the passage, heat from Mount Rainier's summit
craters rises from</P>
<P>(A) crystalline ice<BR>(B) firns<BR>(C) chambers<BR>(D)
fumaroles</P>
<P>50.In line 37 "smothering" the caverns means that they would
be</P>
<P>(A) eliminated<BR>(B) enlarged<BR>(C) prevented<BR>(D)
hollowed</P></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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