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📄 linux设备驱动程序学习(1)-字符设备驱动程序 - linux设备驱动程序 - tekkaman ninja.htm

📁 Linux设备驱动程序学习(1)-字符设备驱动程序 - Linux设备驱动程序.rar
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                              style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">主设备号表示设备对应的驱动程序;次设备号由内核使用,用于正确确定设备文件所指的设备。</SPAN><BR 
                              style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><SPAN 
                              style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">内核用dev_t类型(<SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">&lt;linux/types.h&gt;</SPAN>)来保存设备编号,dev_t是一个32位的数,12位表示主设备号,20为表示次设备号。</SPAN><BR 
                              style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><SPAN 
                              style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">在实际使用中,是通过<SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">&lt;linux/kdev_t.h&gt;</SPAN>中定义的宏来转换格式。</SPAN><BR></SPAN>
                              <TABLE style="WIDTH: 447px; HEIGHT: 21px" 
                              cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=1 border=1>
                                <TBODY>
                                <TR>
                                <TD>&nbsp;(dev_t)--&gt;主设备号、次设备号</TD>
                                <TD>&nbsp;MAJOR(dev_t dev)<BR>&nbsp;MINOR(dev_t 
                                dev)<BR></TD></TR>
                                <TR>
                                <TD>&nbsp;主设备号、次设备号--&gt;(dev_t)</TD>
                                <TD>&nbsp;MKDEV(int major,int 
                                minor)&nbsp;</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)"><SPAN 
                              style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)">建立一个字符设备之前,驱动程序首先要做的事情就是获得设备编号。其这主要函数在<SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">&lt;linux/fs.h&gt;</SPAN>中声明:</SPAN><BR></DIV></DIV>
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                                <TBODY>
                                <TR>
                                <TD>
                                <P 
                                style="MARGIN: 5px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><CODE><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">int</SPAN> 
                                register_chrdev_region<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">(</SPAN>dev_t 
                                first<SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">unsigned</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">int</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,0)">count</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN><BR><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">char</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">*</SPAN>name<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">)</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                //指定设备编号</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">int</SPAN> 
                                alloc_chrdev_region<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">(</SPAN>dev_t <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">*</SPAN>dev<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">unsigned</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">int</SPAN> 
                                firstminor<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN><BR><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">unsigned</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">int</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,0)">count</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">char</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">*</SPAN>name<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">)</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                //动态生成设备编号</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">void</SPAN> 
                                unregister_chrdev_region<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">(</SPAN>dev_t 
                                first<SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">unsigned</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">int</SPAN> 
                                <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,0)">count</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">)</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                &nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                //释放设备编号<BR></SPAN></SPAN></CODE></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><FONT 
                              size=4><BR style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)"><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)">分配之设备号的最佳方式是:默认采用动态分配,同时保留在加载甚至是编译时指定主设备号的余地。<BR><BR><FONT 
                              size=2><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)">以下是在scull.c中用来获取主设备好的代码:<BR><BR></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT>
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                                <P 
                                style="MARGIN: 5px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><CODE><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">if</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">(</SPAN>scull_major<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">)</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">{</SPAN><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                dev <SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">=</SPAN> 
                                MKDEV<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">(</SPAN>scull_major<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> 
                                scull_minor<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">)</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">;</SPAN><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                result <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">=</SPAN> 
                                register_chrdev_region<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">(</SPAN>dev<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> 
                                scull_nr_devs<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,255)">"scull"</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">)</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">;</SPAN><BR><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">}</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)">else</SPAN> <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">{</SPAN><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                result <SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">=</SPAN> 
                                alloc_chrdev_region<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">(</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">&amp;</SPAN>dev<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> 
                                scull_minor<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN> 
                                scull_nr_devs<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)">,</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,255)"></SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,255)">"scull"</SPAN><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">);</SPAN><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                scull_major = MAJOR<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">(</SPAN>dev<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">);</SPAN><BR><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">}</SPAN><BR><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">if (</SPAN>result 
                                &lt; 0<SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">) 
                                {</SPAN><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; printk<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">(</SPAN>KERN_WARNING 
                                <SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,255)">"scull: 
                                can't get major %d\n"</SPAN>, scull_major<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">);</SPAN><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                                return result<SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">;</SPAN><BR 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)"><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">}</SPAN><BR><SPAN 
                                style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,204)"><BR></SPAN></SPAN></CODE></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><FONT 
                              size=3></FONT>
                              <P><FONT size=3><BR 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)"><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)">在这部分中,比较重要的是在用函数获取设备编号后,其中的参数name是和该编号范围关联的设备名称,它将出现在/proc/devices和sysfs中。<BR><BR 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)"><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)">看到这里,就可以理解为什么mdev和udev可以动态、自动地生成当前系统需要的设备文件。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN 
                              class=search_hit 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)">udev</SPAN><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)">就是通过读取</SPAN></FONT><FONT 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)" 
                              size=3>sysfs</FONT><FONT size=3><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)">下的信息来识别硬件设备的.<BR><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">(请看《</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><FONT 
                              style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)" 
                              color=#02368d size=3>理解和认识udev</FONT><FONT 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)" size=3><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">》</SPAN><BR 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)"><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">URL:http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/6541/showart_396425.html)</SPAN><BR></FONT></P>
                              <P></P>
                              <HR style="WIDTH: 100%; HEIGHT: 2px">

                              <P></P>
                              <P><FONT style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)" 
                              size=4>二、一些重要的数据结构</FONT><FONT 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)" size=3><BR><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)">大部分基本的驱动程序操作涉及及到三个重要的内核数据结构,分别是file_operations、file和inode,它们的定义都在</SPAN></FONT><FONT 
                              size=3><SPAN 
                              style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)"><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">&lt;linux/fs.h&gt;<SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)">。<BR></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><FONT 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)" size=4><BR></FONT></P>
                              <P></P>
                              <HR style="WIDTH: 100%; HEIGHT: 2px">

                              <P></P>
                              <P><FONT style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)" 
                              size=4>三、字符设备的注册</FONT><BR><FONT size=3><SPAN 
                              style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)"><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)"><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)"><BR></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT><FONT 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)" size=3><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)">内核内部使用<SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">struct 
                              cdev</SPAN>结构来表示字符设备。在内核调用设备的操作之前,必须分配并注册一个或多个</SPAN></FONT><FONT 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(255,1,2)" size=3><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,2)"><SPAN 
                              style="COLOR: rgb(0,1,255)">struct 

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