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and outside character classes. In addition, inside a character class, the
sequence \b is interpreted as the backspace character (hex 08), and the
sequences \R and \X are interpreted as the characters "R" and "X", respectively.
Outside a character class, these sequences have different meanings (see below).
</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="refsect2" lang="en">
<a name="id2813740"></a><h3>Absolute and relative back references</h3>
<p>
The sequence \g followed by a positive or negative number, optionally enclosed
in braces, is an absolute or relative back reference. Back references are
discussed later, following the discussion of parenthesized subpatterns.
</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="refsect2" lang="en">
<a name="id2813755"></a><h3>Generic character types</h3>
<p>
Another use of backslash is for specifying generic character types.
The following are always recognized:
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="id2813765"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;5.&#160;Generic characters</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table summary="Generic characters" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col align="center">
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th align="center">Escape</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center">\d</td>
<td>any decimal digit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">\D</td>
<td>any character that is not a decimal digit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">\s</td>
<td>any whitespace character</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">\S</td>
<td>any character that is not a whitespace character</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">\w</td>
<td>any "word" character</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">\W</td>
<td>any "non-word" character</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><p>
Each pair of escape sequences partitions the complete set of characters
into two disjoint sets. Any given character matches one, and only one,
of each pair.
</p>
<p>
These character type sequences can appear both inside and outside character
classes. They each match one character of the appropriate type.
If the current matching point is at the end of the passed string, all
of them fail, since there is no character to match.
</p>
<p>
For compatibility with Perl, \s does not match the VT character (code
11). This makes it different from the the POSIX "space" class. The \s
characters are HT (9), LF (10), FF (12), CR (13), and space (32).
</p>
<p>
A "word" character is an underscore or any character less than 256 that
is a letter or digit.</p>
<p>
Characters with values greater than 128 never match \d,
\s, or \w, and always match \D, \S, and \W.
</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="refsect2" lang="en">
<a name="id2813896"></a><h3>Newline sequences</h3>
<p>Outside a character class, the escape sequence \R matches any Unicode
newline sequence.
This particular group matches either the two-character sequence CR followed by
LF, or one of the single characters LF (linefeed, U+000A), VT (vertical tab,
U+000B), FF (formfeed, U+000C), CR (carriage return, U+000D), NEL (next
line, U+0085), LS (line separator, U+2028), or PS (paragraph separator, U+2029).
The two-character sequence is treated as a single unit that
cannot be split. Inside a character class, \R matches the letter "R".</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="refsect2" lang="en">
<a name="id2813914"></a><h3>Unicode character properties</h3>
<p>
To support generic character types there are three additional escape
sequences, they are:
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="id2813925"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;6.&#160;Generic character types</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table summary="Generic character types" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col align="center">
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th align="center">Escape</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center">\p{xx}</td>
<td>a character with the xx property</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">\P{xx}</td>
<td>a character without the xx property</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">\X</td>
<td>an extended Unicode sequence</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><p>
The property names represented by xx above are limited to the Unicode
script names, the general category properties, and "Any", which matches
any character (including newline). Other properties such as "InMusicalSymbols"
are not currently supported. Note that \P{Any} does not match any characters,
so always causes a match failure.
</p>
<p>
Sets of Unicode characters are defined as belonging to certain scripts. A
character from one of these sets can be matched using a script name. For
example, \p{Greek} or \P{Han}.
</p>
<p>
Those that are not part of an identified script are lumped together as
"Common". The current list of scripts is:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li><p>Arabic</p></li>
<li><p>Armenian</p></li>
<li><p>Balinese</p></li>
<li><p>Bengali</p></li>
<li><p>Bopomofo</p></li>
<li><p>Braille</p></li>
<li><p>Buginese</p></li>
<li><p>Buhid</p></li>
<li><p>Canadian_Aboriginal</p></li>
<li><p>Cherokee</p></li>
<li><p>Common</p></li>
<li><p>Coptic</p></li>
<li><p>Cuneiform</p></li>
<li><p>Cypriot</p></li>
<li><p>Cyrillic</p></li>
<li><p>Deseret</p></li>
<li><p>Devanagari</p></li>
<li><p>Ethiopic</p></li>
<li><p>Georgian</p></li>
<li><p>Glagolitic</p></li>
<li><p>Gothic</p></li>
<li><p>Greek</p></li>
<li><p>Gujarati</p></li>
<li><p>Gurmukhi</p></li>
<li><p>Han</p></li>
<li><p>Hangul</p></li>
<li><p>Hanunoo</p></li>
<li><p>Hebrew</p></li>
<li><p>Hiragana</p></li>
<li><p>Inherited</p></li>
<li><p>Kannada</p></li>
<li><p>Katakana</p></li>
<li><p>Kharoshthi</p></li>
<li><p>Khmer</p></li>
<li><p>Lao</p></li>
<li><p>Latin</p></li>
<li><p>Limbu</p></li>
<li><p>Linear_B</p></li>
<li><p>Malayalam</p></li>
<li><p>Mongolian</p></li>
<li><p>Myanmar</p></li>
<li><p>New_Tai_Lue</p></li>
<li><p>Nko</p></li>
<li><p>Ogham</p></li>
<li><p>Old_Italic</p></li>
<li><p>Old_Persian</p></li>
<li><p>Oriya</p></li>
<li><p>Osmanya</p></li>
<li><p>Phags_Pa</p></li>
<li><p>Phoenician</p></li>
<li><p>Runic</p></li>
<li><p>Shavian</p></li>
<li><p>Sinhala</p></li>
<li><p>Syloti_Nagri</p></li>
<li><p>Syriac</p></li>
<li><p>Tagalog</p></li>
<li><p>Tagbanwa</p></li>
<li><p>Tai_Le</p></li>
<li><p>Tamil</p></li>
<li><p>Telugu</p></li>
<li><p>Thaana</p></li>
<li><p>Thai</p></li>
<li><p>Tibetan</p></li>
<li><p>Tifinagh</p></li>
<li><p>Ugaritic</p></li>
<li><p>Yi</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Each character has exactly one general category property, specified by a
two-letter abbreviation. For compatibility with Perl, negation can be specified
by including a circumflex between the opening brace and the property name. For
example, \p{^Lu} is the same as \P{Lu}.
</p>
<p>
If only one letter is specified with \p or \P, it includes all the general
category properties that start with that letter. In this case, in the absence
of negation, the curly brackets in the escape sequence are optional; these two
examples have the same effect:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
\p{L}
\pL
</pre>
<p>
The following general category property codes are supported:
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="id2814326"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;7.&#160;Property codes</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table summary="Property codes" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col align="center">
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th align="center">Code</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center">C</td>
<td>Other</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Cc</td>
<td>Control</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Cf</td>
<td>Format</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Cn</td>
<td>Unassigned</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Co</td>
<td>Private use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Cs</td>
<td>Surrogate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">L</td>
<td>Letter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Ll</td>
<td>Lower case letter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Lm</td>
<td>Modifier letter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Lo</td>
<td>Other letter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Lt</td>
<td>Title case letter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Lu</td>
<td>Upper case letter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">M</td>
<td>Mark</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Mc</td>
<td>Spacing mark</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Me</td>
<td>Enclosing mark</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Mn</td>
<td>Non-spacing mark</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">N</td>
<td>Number</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Nd</td>
<td>Decimal number</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Nl</td>
<td>Letter number</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td>Other number</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">P</td>
<td>Punctuation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Pc</td>
<td>Connector punctuation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Pd</td>
<td>Dash punctuation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Pe</td>
<td>Close punctuation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Pf</td>
<td>Final punctuation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Pi</td>
<td>Initial punctuation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Po</td>
<td>Other punctuation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Ps</td>
<td>Open punctuation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">S</td>
<td>Symbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Sc</td>
<td>Currency symbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Sk</td>
<td>Modifier symbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">Sm</td>
<td>Mathematical symbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">So</td>
<td>Other symbol</td>
</tr>