📄 8 . 5 癌症的早期诊断.htm
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<P align=center><B><FONT lang=EN-US>8</FONT></B><B><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>5 </FONT></B><B><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">癌症的早期诊断</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US></FONT></B></P>
<P align=center><B><FONT lang=EN-US><FONT style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</FONT></FONT></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">癌症是威胁人类生命的大敌,癌症的早期诊断、预防、治疗是摆在科学家面前的重大的攻关课题,全世界的科学家都在为攻克癌症而努力。在现在的科技条件下,还没有找到早期诊断癌症的有效方法,一旦发现癌症症状,常常已到了癌症晚期,再进行治疗往往为时已晚。如果研究和开发出有效的癌症早期诊断方法,及早预防,将可以挽救千百万人宝贵的生命。据报道,某些痕量元素与癌症的发生、发展、抑制防治有密切的关系,但这种关系并非一定是简单的线性关系,深入探讨这种关系,有可能找到早期诊断癌症的有效方法。人发、血清是理想的活体材料,人发、血清中痕量元素水平的变化反映了人体的生理状况的变化,癌变病人和正常人头发和血清中痕量元素含量将会出现差别,根据这种差别可以进行癌症的早期诊断。</FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱与石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定了</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>43</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例癌变病人和</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>33</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例正常人血清中锌、钡、镁、钙、铜和硒</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种元素的含量,对各元素含量数据进行标准化,转换为以均值为</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>0</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、方差为</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>1</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的样本值。从</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>76</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个样本中随机抽取</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>48</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个样本训练人工神经网络,这</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>48</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个样本中既包括了癌变病人样本,也包括了正常人样本。通过训练,人工神经网络“记住了”癌变病人和正常人血清中锌、钡、镁、钙、铜、硒</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种元素的含量特征,将这种“记忆”存储在计算机内,用专业术语来说,就是建立起识别模型。以后再将血清中锌、钡、镁、钙、铜、和硒</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种元素的含量输到存储在计算机内的人工神经网络中,它根据识别模型,就能识别出癌变病人和正常人的血清。所用的人工神经网络如图</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>8</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示。人工神经网络的输入层有</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个神经元,对应于锌、钡、镁、钙、铜和硒</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种元素含量的输入,输出层只有一个神经元,输出识别结果。其余的</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>28</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个样本作为检验样本,对所建立的模型的准确性进行交叉检验。</FONT></P>
<P align=center><FONT lang=EN-US><IMG height=205
src="8 . 5 癌症的早期诊断.files/20000040ZW_0061_1.gif" width=318></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据输出结果进行识别,正常人(类别</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>1</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)的期望输出是</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>0.01</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,癌变病人(类别</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>2</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)的期望输出是</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>0.99</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。用</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>28</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个样本进行检验,检验结果列于表</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>8</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>1</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,错判病例一个,识别正确率达到</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>96.4</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%。用所建立的模型对未知样品进行识别,识别正确率均达到</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>90</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%以上。</FONT></P>
<P align=center><B><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">表</FONT></B><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">8</FONT></B><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.</FONT></B><B><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1
</FONT></B><B><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">人工神经网络模型预报结果</FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=33>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">No</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=40>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">类别</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=54>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">期望值</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=52>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">预报值</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=63>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">诊断结果</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=30>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">No</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=38>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">类别</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=51>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">期望值</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=51>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">预报值</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=64>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">诊断结果</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=33>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=40>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=54>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.01</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=52>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.01</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=63>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">正常人</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=30>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">15</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=38>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">2</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=51>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.99</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=51>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.99</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=64>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">癌变病人</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=33>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">2</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=40>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=54>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.01</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=52>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.01</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=63>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">正常人</FONT><FONT
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