📄 part2.htm
字号:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<!--
This document was converted from RTF source:
By rtftohtml 4.19
See http://www.sunpack.com/RTF
Filename:C:\TEMP\TicV2\html\TicV2.rtf
Application Directory:C:\TOOLS\RTF2HTML\
Subject:
Author:Bruce Eckel
Operator:Bruce Eckel
Document Comments:
Version Comments:
Comments:
Keywords:
Translation Date:09/26/2001
Translation Time:08:32:21
Translation Platform:Win32
Number of Output files:19
This File:C:\TEMP\TicV2\html\Part2.htm
SplitDepth=1
SkipNavPanel=1
SkipLeadingToc=1
SkipTrailingToc=1
GenContents=1
GenFrames=1
GenIndex=1
-->
<HEAD lang="en"><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
<TITLE>Part 2: The Standard C++ Library</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"><DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
<a href="http://www.MindView.net">
<img src="mindview.gif" alt="MindView Inc." BORDER = "0"></a>
<CENTER>
<FONT FACE="Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, Sans" size = "-1">
[ <a href="README.txt">Viewing Hints</a> ]
[ <a href="RevisionHistory.htm">Revision History</a> ]
[ <a href="http://www.mindview.net/Books/TICPP/ThinkingInCPP2e.html">Book Home Page</a> ]
[ <a href="http://www.mindview.net/Etc/MailingList.html">Free Newsletter</a> ] <br>
[ <a href="http://www.mindview.net/Seminars">Seminars</a> ]
[ <a href="http://www.mindview.net/CDs">Seminars on CD ROM</a> ]
[ <a href="http://www.mindview.net/Services">Consulting</a> ]
</FONT>
<H2><FONT FACE="Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, Sans">
Thinking in C++, 2nd edition, Volume 2<br>
<small>Revision 4.0</small></FONT></H2>
<H3><FONT FACE="Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, Sans">
by Bruce Eckel & Chuck Allison<br>©2001 MindView, Inc.</FONT></H3>
<FONT FACE="Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, Sans" size = "-1">
[ <a href="Chap03.htm">Previous Chapter</a> ]
[ <a href="SimpCont.htm">Short TOC</a> ]
[ <a href="Contents.htm">Table of Contents</a> ]
[ <a href="DocIdx.htm">Index</a> ]
[ <a href="Chap04.htm">Next Chapter</a> ]
</FONT>
</CENTER>
</P></DIV><A NAME="_Toc519041922"></A><A NAME="Heading81"></A><FONT FACE = "Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, Sans"><H1 ALIGN="LEFT">
Part 2: The Standard C++ Library</H1></FONT>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Verdana" SIZE=4>Standard C++ not only incorporates
all the Standard C libraries, with small additions and changes to support type
safety, it also adds libraries of its own. These libraries are far more powerful
than those in Standard C; the leverage you get from them is analogous to the
leverage you get from changing from C to C++.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia">This section of the book gives you an
in-depth introduction to the most important portions of the Standard C++
library.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia">The most complete and also the most
obscure reference to the full libraries is the Standard itself. Somewhat more
readable (and yet still a self-described “expert’s guide”) is
Bjarne Stroustrup’s 3<SUP>rd</SUP> Edition of <I>The C++ Programming
Language</I> (Addison-Wesley, 1997). Another valuable reference is the
3<SUP>rd</SUP> edition of <I>C++ Primer</I>, by Lippman & Lajoie.<I>
</I>The goal of the chapters in this book that cover the libraries is to provide
you with an encyclopedia of descriptions and examples so you’ll have a
good starting point for solving any problem that requires the use of the
Standard libraries. However, there are some techniques and topics that are used
rarely enough that they are not covered here, so if you can’t find it in
these chapters you should reach for the other two books; this book is not
intended to replace those but rather to complement them. In particular, I hope
that after going through the material in the following chapters you’ll
have a much easier time understanding those books.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia">You will notice that this section does
not contain exhaustive documentation describing every function and class in the
Standard C++ library. I’ve left the full descriptions to others; in
particular there a particularly good on-line sources of standard library
documentation in HTML format that you can keep resident on your computer and
view with a Web browser whenever you need to look something up. This is PJ
Plauger’s Dinkumware C/C++ Library reference at http://www.dinkumware.com.
You can view this on-line, and purchase it for local viewing. It contains
complete reference pages for the both the C and C++ libraries (so it’s
good to use for all your Standard C/C++ programming questions). I am
particularly fond of electronic documentation not only because you can always
have it with you, but also because you can do an electronic search for what
you’re seeking.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia">When you’re actively programming,
these resources should adequately satisfy your reference needs (and you can use
them to look up anything in this chapter that isn’t clear to you).
Appendix XX lists additional
references.</FONT><A NAME="_Toc519041923"></A><BR></P></DIV>
<A NAME="Heading82"></A><FONT FACE = "Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, Sans"><H2 ALIGN="LEFT">
Library overview</H2></FONT>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia">[[ Still needs work ]]</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia">The first chapter in this section
introduces the Standard C++ <B>string</B> class, which is a powerful tool that
simplifies most of the text processing chores you might have to do. The
<B>string</B> class may be the most thorough string manipulation tool
you’ve ever seen. Chances are, anything you’ve done to character
strings with lines of code in C can be done with a member function call in the
string class, including <B>append( )</B>, <B>assign( )</B>,
<B>insert( )</B>, <B>remove( )</B>, <B>replace( )</B>,
<B>resize( )</B>, <B>copy( )</B>, <B>find( )</B>,
<B>rfind( )</B>, <B>find_first_of( )</B>, <B>find_last_of( )</B>,
<B>find_first_not_of( )</B>, <B>find_last_not_of( )</B>,
<B>substr( )</B>, and <B>compare( )</B>. The operators <B>=</B>,
<B>+=</B>, and <B>[ ]</B> are also overloaded to perform the intuitive
operations. In addition, there’s a “wide” <B>wstring</B> class
designed to support international character sets. Both <B>string</B> and
<B>wstring</B> (declared in <B><string></B>, not to be confused with
C’s <B><string.h></B>, which is, in strict C++,
<B><cstring></B>) are created from a common template class called
<B>basic_string</B>. Note that the string classes are seamlessly integrated with
iostreams<A NAME="Index139"></A>, virtually eliminating the need for you to ever
use <B>strstream</B>. </FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia">The next chapter covers the
<B>iostream</B> library.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia"><B>Language
Support<A NAME="Index140"></A></B>. Elements inherent to the language itself,
like implementation limits<A NAME="Index141"></A><A NAME="Index142"></A> in
<B><climits></B> and <B><cfloat></B>; dynamic memory declarations in
<B><new></B> like <B>bad_alloc<A NAME="Index143"></A></B> (the exception
thrown when you’re out of memory) and
<B>set_new_handler<A NAME="Index144"></A></B>; the <B><typeinfo></B>
header for RTTI<A NAME="Index145"></A> and the <B><exception></B> header
that declares the <B>terminate( )<A NAME="Index146"></A></B> and
<B>unexpected( )<A NAME="Index147"></A></B> functions.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia"><B>Diagnostics
Library<A NAME="Index148"></A></B>. Components C++ programs can use to detect
and report errors. The <B><exception></B> header declares the standard
exception classes <A NAME="Index149"></A><A NAME="Index150"></A>and
<B><cassert></B> declares the same thing as C’s
<B>assert.h</B>.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia"><B>General Utilities
Library<A NAME="Index151"></A></B>. These components are used by other parts of
the Standard C++ library, but you can also use them in your own programs.
Included are templatized versions of operators <B>!=</B>, <B>></B>,
<B><=</B>, and <B>>=</B> (to prevent redundant definitions), a <B>pair</B>
template class<A NAME="Index152"></A> with a <B>tuple</B>-making template
function<A NAME="Index153"></A>, a set of <I>function
objects<A NAME="Index154"></A></I> for support of the STL, and storage
allocation functions for use with the STL<A NAME="Index155"></A> so you can
easily modify the storage allocation mechanism.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia"><B>Localization
Library<A NAME="Index156"></A></B>. This allows you to localize strings in your
program to adapt to usage in different countries<A NAME="Index157"></A>,
including money, numbers, date, time, and so on.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia"><B>Containers
Library<A NAME="Index158"></A></B>. This includes the Standard Template Library
(described in the next section of this appendix) and also the <B>bits</B>
<A NAME="Index159"></A><A NAME="Index160"></A>and <B>bit_string</B>
<A NAME="Index161"></A><A NAME="Index162"></A>classes in <B><bits></B> and
<B><bitstring></B>, respectively. Both <B>bits</B> and <B>bit_string</B>
are more complete implementations of the bitvector concept introduced in Chapter
XX. The <B>bits</B> template creates a fixed-sized array of bits that can be
manipulated with all the bitwise operators, as well as member functions like
<B>set( )</B>, <B>reset( )</B>, <B>count( )</B>,
<B>length( )</B>, <B>test( )</B>, <B>any( )</B>, and
<B>none( )</B>. There are also conversion operators
<B>to_ushort( )</B>, <B>to_ulong( )</B>, and <B>to_string( )</B>.
</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia">The <B>bit_string</B> class is, by
contrast, a dynamically sized array of bits, with similar operations to
<B>bits</B>, but also with additional operations that make it act somewhat like
a <B>string</B>. There’s a fundamental difference in bit weighting: With
<B>bits</B>, the right-most bit (bit zero) is the least significant bit, but
with <B>bit_string</B>, the right-most bit is the <I>most</I> significant bit.
There are no conversions between <B>bits</B> and <B>bit_string</B>. You’ll
use <B>bits</B> for a space-efficient set of on-off flags and <B>bit_string</B>
for manipulating arrays of binary values (like pixels).</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia"><B>Iterators
Library<A NAME="Index163"></A></B>. Includes iterators that are tools for the
STL (described in the next section of this appendix), streams, and stream
buffers.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia"><B>Algorithms
Library<A NAME="Index164"></A></B>. These are the template functions that
perform operations on the STL<A NAME="Index165"></A> containers using iterators.
The algorithms include: <B>adjacent_find</B>,<B> prev_permutation</B>,<B>
binary_search</B>,<B> push_heap</B>,<B> copy</B>,<B> random_shuffle</B>,<B>
copy_backward</B>,<B> remove</B>,<B> count</B>,<B> remove_copy</B>,<B>
count_if</B>,<B> remove_copy_if</B>,<B> equal</B>,<B> remove_if</B>,<B>
equal_range</B>,<B> replace</B>,<B> fill</B>,<B> replace_copy</B>,<B>
fill_n</B>,<B> replace_copy_if</B>,<B> find</B>,<B> replace_if</B>,<B>
find_if</B>,<B> reverse</B>,<B> for_each</B>,<B> reverse_copy</B>,<B>
generate</B>,<B> rotate</B>,<B> generate_n</B>,<B> rotate_copy</B>,<B>
includes</B>,<B> search</B>,<B> inplace_merge</B>,<B> set_difference</B>,<B>
lexicographical_compare</B>,<B> set_intersection</B>,<B> lower_bound</B>,<B>
set_symmetric_difference</B>,<B> make_heap</B>,<B> set_union</B>,<B> max</B>,<B>
sort</B>,<B> max_element</B>,<B> sort_heap</B>,<B> merge</B>,<B>
stable_partition</B>,<B> min</B>,<B> stable_sort</B>,<B> min_element</B>,<B>
swap</B>,<B> mismatch</B>,<B> swap_ranges</B>,<B> next_permutation</B>,<B>
transform</B>,<B> nth_element</B>,<B> unique</B>,<B> partial_sort</B>,<B>
unique_copy</B>,<B> partial_sort_copy</B>,<B> upper_bound</B>, and<B>
partition</B>.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="LEFT"><P><FONT FACE="Georgia"><B>Numerics
Library<A NAME="Index166"></A></B>. The goal of this library is to allow the
compiler implementer to take advantage of the architecture of the underlying
machine when used for numerical operations<A NAME="Index167"></A>. This way,
creators of higher level numerical libraries can write to the numerics library
and produce efficient algorithms without having to customize to every possible
machine. The numerics library also includes the complex number
class<A NAME="Index168"></A><A NAME="Index169"></A> (which appeared in the first
version of C++ as an example, and has become an expected part of the library) in
<B>float</B>, <B>double</B>, and <B>long double</B> forms.</FONT><BR></P></DIV>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
<FONT FACE="Verdana, Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, Sans" size = "-1">
[ <a href="Chap03.htm">Previous Chapter</a> ]
[ <a href="SimpCont.htm">Short TOC</a> ]
[ <a href="Contents.htm">Table of Contents</a> ]
[ <a href="DocIdx.htm">Index</a> ]
[ <a href="Chap04.htm">Next Chapter</a> ]
</FONT>
<BR>
Last Update:09/26/2001</P></DIV>
</BODY>
</HTML>
⌨️ 快捷键说明
复制代码
Ctrl + C
搜索代码
Ctrl + F
全屏模式
F11
切换主题
Ctrl + Shift + D
显示快捷键
?
增大字号
Ctrl + =
减小字号
Ctrl + -