form.java

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/*
 *   
 *
 * Copyright  1990-2007 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER
 * 
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 * 
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
 * General Public License version 2 for more details (a copy is
 * included at /legal/license.txt).
 * 
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
 * 02110-1301 USA
 * 
 * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa
 * Clara, CA 95054 or visit www.sun.com if you need additional
 * information or have any questions.
 */

package javax.microedition.lcdui;

/**
 * A <code>Form</code> is a <code>Screen</code> that contains
 * an arbitrary mixture of items: images,
 * read-only text fields, editable text fields, editable date fields, gauges,
 * choice groups, and custom items. In general, any subclass of the
 * {@link Item Item} class may be contained within a form.
 * The implementation handles layout, traversal, and scrolling.
 * The entire contents of the <code>Form</code> scrolls together.
 *
 * <h2>Item Management</h2>
 * <p>
 * The items contained within a <code>Form</code> may be edited
 * using append, delete,
 * insert, and set methods.  <code>Items</code> within a
 * <code>Form</code> are referred to by their
 * indexes, which are consecutive integers in the range from zero to
 * <code>size()-1</code>,
 * with zero referring to the first item and <code>size()-1</code>
 * to the last item.  </p>
 *
 * <p> An item may be placed within at most one
 * <code>Form</code>. If the application
 * attempts to place an item into a <code>Form</code>, and the
 * item is already owned by this
 * or another <code>Form</code>, an
 * <code>IllegalStateException</code> is thrown.
 * The application must
 * remove the item from its currently containing <code>Form</code>
 * before inserting it into
 * the new <code>Form</code>. </p>
 *
 * <p> If the <code>Form</code> is visible on the display when
 * changes to its contents are
 * requested by the application, updates to the display take place as soon
 * as it is feasible for the implementation to do so.
 * Applications need not take any special action to refresh a
 * <code>Form's</code> display
 * after its contents have been modified. </p>
 *
 * <a name="layout"></a>
 * <h2>Layout</h2>
 *
 * <p>Layout policy in <code>Form</code> is organized around
 * rows. Rows are typically
 * related to the width of the screen, respective of margins, scroll bars, and
 * such.  All rows in a particular <code>Form</code> will have the
 * same width.  Rows do not
 * vary in width based on the <code>Items</code> contained within
 * the <code>Form</code>, although they
 * may all change width in certain circumstances, such as when a scroll bar
 * needs to be added or removed. <code>Forms</code> generally do not scroll
 * horizontally.</p>
 *
 * <p><code>Forms</code> grow vertically and scroll vertically as
 * necessary. The height
 * of a <code>Form</code> varies depending upon the number of rows
 * and the height of
 * each row. The height of each row is determined by the items that are
 * positioned on that row. Rows need not all have the same height.
 * Implementations may also vary row heights to provide proper padding or
 * vertical alignment of <code>Item</code> labels.</p>
 *
 * <p>An implementation may choose to lay out <code>Items</code> in a
 * left-to-right or right-to-left direction depending upon the language
 * conventions in use.  The same choice of layout direction must apply to all
 * rows within a particular <code>Form</code>.</p>
 *
 * <p>Prior to the start of the layout algorithm, the
 * <code>Form</code> is considered to
 * have one empty row at the top. The layout algorithm considers each Item
 * in turn, starting at <code>Item</code> zero and proceeding in
 * order through each <code>Item</code>
 * until the last <code>Item</code> in the <code>Form</code>
 * has been processed.
 * If the layout direction (as described above) is left-to-right, the
 * beginning of the row is the left edge of the <code>Form</code>.  If the
 * layout direction is right-to-left, the beginning of the row is the right
 * edge of the <code>Form</code>.  <code>Items</code> are laid out at the
 * beginning of each row, proceeding across each row in the chosen layout
 * direction, packing as many <code>Items</code> onto each row as will fit,
 * unless a condition occurs that causes the packing of a row to be terminated
 * early.
 * A new row is then added, and
 * <code>Items</code> are packed onto it
 * as described above. <code>Items</code> are packed onto rows,
 * and new rows are added
 * below existing rows as necessary until all <code>Items</code>
 * have been processed by
 * the layout algorithm.</p>
 *
 * <p>The layout algorithm has a concept of a <em>current alignment</em>.
 * It can have the value <code>LAYOUT_LEFT</code>,
 * <code>LAYOUT_CENTER</code>, or <code>LAYOUT_RIGHT</code>.
 * The value of the current alignment at the start of the layout algorithm
 * depends upon the layout direction in effect for this <code>Form</code>.  If
 * the layout direction is left-to-right, the initial alignment value must be
 * <code>LAYOUT_LEFT</code>.  If the layout direction is right-to-left, the
 * initial alignment value must be <code>LAYOUT_RIGHT</code>.
 * The current alignment changes when the layout
 * algorithm encounters an <code>Item</code> that has one of the layout
 * directives <code>LAYOUT_LEFT</code>, <code>LAYOUT_CENTER</code>, or
 * <code>LAYOUT_RIGHT</code>.  If none of these directives is present on an
 * <code>Item</code>, the current layout directive does not change.  This
 * rule has the effect of grouping the contents of the
 * <code>Form</code> into sequences of consecutive <code>Items</code>
 * sharing an alignment value.  The alignment value of each <code>Item</code>
 * is maintained internally to the <code>Form</code> and does not affect the
 * <code>Items'</code> layout value as reported by the
 * {@link Item#getLayout Item.getLayout} method.</p>
 *
 * <p>The layout algorithm generally attempts to place an item on the same
 * row as the previous item, unless certain conditions occur that cause a
 * &quot;row break.&quot; When there is a row break, the current item
 * will be placed
 * at the beginning of a new row instead of being placed after
 * the previous item, even if there is room.</p>
 *
 * <p>A row break occurs before an item if any of the following
 * conditions occurs:</p>
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>the previous item has a row break after it;</li>
 * <li>it has the <code>LAYOUT_NEWLINE_BEFORE</code> directive; or</li>
 * <li>it is a <code>StringItem</code> whose contents starts with
 * &quot;\n&quot;;</li>
 * <li>it is a
 * <code>ChoiceGroup</code>, <code>DateField</code>,
 * <code>Gauge</code>, or a <code>TextField</code>, and the
 * <code>LAYOUT_2</code> directive is not set; or</li>
 * <li>this <code>Item</code> has a <code>LAYOUT_LEFT</code>,
 * <code>LAYOUT_CENTER</code>, or <code>LAYOUT_RIGHT</code> directive
 * that differs from the <code>Form's</code> current alignment.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>A row break occurs after an item if any of the following
 * conditions occurs:</p>
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>it is a <code>StringItem</code> whose contents ends with
 * &quot;\n&quot;; or</li>
 * <li>it has the <code>LAYOUT_NEWLINE_AFTER</code> directive; or</li>
 * <li>it is a
 * <code>ChoiceGroup</code>, <code>DateField</code>,
 * <code>Gauge</code>, or a <code>TextField</code>, and the
 * <code>LAYOUT_2</code> directive is not set.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>The presence of the <code>LAYOUT_NEWLINE_BEFORE</code> or
 * <code>LAYOUT_NEWLINE_AFTER</code> directive does not cause
 * an additional row break if there is one already present.  For example,
 * if a <code>LAYOUT_NEWLINE_BEFORE</code> directive appears on a
 * <code>StringItem</code> whose contents starts with &quot;\n&quot;,
 * there is only a single row break.  A similar rule applies with a
 * trailing &quot;\n&quot; and <code>LAYOUT_NEWLINE_AFTER</code>.
 * Also, there is only a single row
 * break if an item has the <code>LAYOUT_NEWLINE_AFTER</code> directive
 * and the next item has the <code>LAYOUT_NEWLINE_BEFORE</code> directive.
 * However, the presence of consecutive &quot;\n&quot; characters,
 * either within a single <code>StringItem</code> or in adjacent
 * <code>StringItems</code>, will cause as many row breaks as there are
 * &quot;\n&quot; characters.  This will cause empty rows to be present.
 * The height of an empty row is determined by the prevailing font height of
 * the <code>StringItem</code> within which the &quot;\n&quot; that ends the
 * row occurs.</p>
 *
 * <p>Implementations may provide additional conditions under which a row
 * break occurs.  For example, an implementation's layout policy may lay out
 * labels specially, implicitly causing a break before every
 * <code>Item</code> that has a
 * label.  Or, as another example, a particular implementation's user
 * interface style may dictate that a DateField item always appears on a row
 * by itself.  In this case, this implementation may cause row breaks to occur
 * both before and after every <code>DateField</code> item.</p>
 *
 * <p>Given two items with adjacent <code>Form</code> indexes, if
 * none of the specified
 * or implementation-specific conditions for a row break between them
 * occurs, and if space permits, these items should be placed on the same
 * row.</p>
 *
 * <p>When packing <code>Items</code> onto a row, the width of the
 * item is compared with
 * the remaining space on the row. For this purpose, the width used is the
 * <code>Item's</code> preferred width, unless the
 * <code>Item</code> has the <code>LAYOUT_SHRINK</code>
 * directive,
 * in which case the <code>Item's</code> minimum width is used. If
 * the <code>Item</code> is too wide
 * to fit in the space remaining on the row, the row is considered to be
 * full, a new row is added beneath this one, and the
 * <code>Item</code> is laid out on
 * this new row.</p>
 *
 * <p>Once the contents of a row have been determined, the space available on
 * the row is distributed by expanding items and by adding space between
 * items. If any items on this row have the
 * <code>LAYOUT_SHRINK</code> directive (that is,
 * they are shrinkable), space is first distributed to these items. Space is
 * distributed to each of these items proportionally to the difference between
 * the each <code>Item's</code> preferred size and its minimum
 * size.  At this stage, no
 * shrinkable item is expanded beyond its preferred width.</p>
 *
 * <p>For example, consider a row that has <code>30</code> pixels
 * of space available and
 * that has two shrinkable items <code>A</code> and
 * <code>B</code>. Item <code>A's</code> preferred size is
 * <code>15</code> and
 * its minimum size is <code>10</code>. Item <code>B's</code>
 * preferred size is <code>30</code> and its minimum
 * size is <code>20</code>. The difference between
 * <code>A's</code> preferred and minimum size is
 * <code>5</code>,
 * and <code>B's</code> difference is <code>10</code>. The
 * <code>30</code> pixels are distributed to these items
 * proportionally to these differences. Therefore, <code>10</code>
 * pixels are
 * distributed to item <code>A</code> and <code>20</code>
 * pixels to item <code>B</code>.</p>
 *
 * <p>If after expanding all the shrinkable items to their preferred widths,
 * there is still space left on the row, this remaining space is distributed
 * equally among the Items that have the
 * <code>LAYOUT_EXPAND</code> directive (the
 * stretchable <code>Items</code>).  The presence of any
 * stretchable items on a row will
 * cause the <code>Items</code> on this row to occupy the full
 * width of the row.</p>
 *
 * <p>If there are no stretchable items on this row, and there is still space
 * available on this row, the <code>Items</code> are packed as tightly as
 * possible and are placed on the row according to the alignment value shared
 * by the <code>Items</code> on this row.  (Since changing the current
 * alignment causes a row break, all <code>Items</code> on the same row must
 * share the same alignment value.)  If the alignment value is
 * <code>LAYOUT_LEFT</code>, the <code>Items</code> are positioned at the left
 * end of the row and the remaining space is placed at the right end of the
 * row.  If the alignment value is <code>LAYOUT_RIGHT</code>, the
 * <code>Items</code> are positioned at the right end of the row and the
 * remaining space is placed at the left end of the row.  If the alignment
 * value is <code>LAYOUT_CENTER</code>, the <code>Items</code> are positioned
 * in the middle of the row such that the remaining space on the row is
 * divided evenly between the left and right ends of the row.</p>
 *
 * <p>Given the set of items on a particular row, the heights of these
 * <code>Items</code> are inspected.  For each <code>Item</code>, the height
 * that is used is the preferred height, unless the <code>Item</code> has the
 * <code>LAYOUT_VSHRINK</code> directive, in which case the
 * <code>Item's</code> minimum height is used.
 * The height of the tallest
 * <code>Item</code> determines the
 * height of the row.  <code>Items</code> that have the
 * <code>LAYOUT_VSHRINK</code> directive are expanded to their preferred
 * height or to the height of the row, whichever is smaller.
 * <code>Items</code> that are still shorter than the
 * row height and that
 * have the <code>LAYOUT_VEXPAND</code> directive will expand to
 * the height of the row.
 * The <code>LAYOUT_VEXPAND</code> directive on an item will never
 * increase the height
 * of a row.</p>
 *
 * <p>Remaining <code>Items</code> shorter than the row height
 * will be positioned
 * vertically within the row using the <code>LAYOUT_TOP</code>,
 * <code>LAYOUT_BOTTOM</code>, and
 * <code>LAYOUT_VCENTER</code> directives.  If no vertical layout directive is
 * specified, the item must be aligned along the bottom of the row.</p>
 *
 * <p><code>StringItems</code> are treated specially in the above
 * algorithm.  If the
 * contents of a <code>StringItem</code> (its string value,
 * exclusive of its label) contain
 * a newline character (&quot;\n&quot;), the string should be split at
 * that point and
 * the remainder laid out starting on the next row.</p>
 *
 * <p>If one or both dimensions of the preferred size of
 * a <code>StringItem</code> have been locked, the <code>StringItem</code>
 * is wrapped to fit that width and height and is treated as a
 * rectangle whose minimum and preferred width and height are the width and
 * height of this rectangle. In this case, the
 * <code>LAYOUT_SHRINK</code>, <code>LAYOUT_EXPAND</code>,
 * and <code>LAYOUT_VEXPAND</code> directives are ignored.</p>
 *