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<h3>Network Programming</h3>
<p>This section describes the modules used to implement network servers and clients. Python provides extensive network support ranging from access to low-level network interfaces to high-level clients and frameworks for writing network applications. Before beginning, a very brief (and admittedly terse) introduction to network programming is presented. Readers are advised to consult a book such as <i>UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1: Networking APIs - Sockets and XTI</I> by W. Richard Stevens (Prentice Hall, 1997, ISBN 0-13-490012-X) for many of the advanced details.</P>
<P>Python抯 network programming modules primarily support two Internet protocols: TCP and UDP. The TCP protocol is a reliable connection-oriented protocol used to establish a two-way communications stream between machines. UDP is a lower-level packet-based protocol (connectionless) in which machines send and receive discrete packets of information without formally establishing a connection. Unlike TCP, UDP communication is unreliable and thus inherently more complicated to manage in applications that require reliable communications. Consequently, most Internet protocols utilize TCP connections.</P>
<p>Both network protocols are handled through a programming abstraction known as a <i>socket.</i> A socket is an object similar to a file that allows a program to accept incoming connections, make outgoing connections, and send and receive data. Before two machines can establish a connection, both must create a socket object.</p>
<P>Furthermore, the machine receiving the connection (the server) must bind its socket object to a <I>port.</I> A port is a 16-bit number in the range 0⌨️ 快捷键说明
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