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<h3>Special Methods for Types</h3>
<p>This section describes the C data structures used to implement types. This is an advanced topic and the presentation here is only intended to be a quick reference.</p>

<P>Types are defined by a structure with the following fields. Many of the fields in this structures use <TT Class="monofont">typedef</TT>  names such as <TT clasS="monofont">hashfunc</TT>, <Tt class="monofont">binaryfunc</tt>, <tt class="monofont">intargfunc</tt>, and so forth. These types are defined later in this appendix in <a hrEf="133#10.html">Table B.26</a>.</P>

<pre>

typedef struct _typeobject {

    PyObject_VAR_HEAD 
    char              *tp_name; 
    int                tp_basicsize; 
    int                tp_itemsize; 
    destructor         tp_dealloc; 
    printfunc          tp_print; 
    getattrfunc        tp_getattr; 
    setattrfunc        tp_setattr; 
    cmpfunc            tp_compare; 
    reprfunc           tp_repr; 

    PyNumberMethods   *tp_as_number; 
    PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence; 
    PyMappingMethods  *tp_as_mapping; 

    hashfunc           tp_hash; 
    ternaryfunc        tp_call; 
    reprfunc           tp_str; 
    getattrofunc       tp_getattro; 
    setattrofunc       tp_setattro; 

    PyBufferProcs     *tp_as_buffer; 
    long               tp_flags; 
    traverseproc       tp_traverse; 
    inquiry            tp_clear; 
    richcmpfunc        tp_richcompare; 
    long               tp_weaklistoffset; 
} PyTypeObject; </Pre>

<p>Most of the special methods for a type are encapsulated in four data structures: <tT claSS="monofont">PySequenceMethods</TT>, <tt clASS="monofont">PyMappingMethods</Tt>, <tt cLASS="monofont">PyNumberMethods</tt>, and <tt CLASs="monofont">PyBufferProcs</tt>. Tables <a href="133#2.html">B.22</a> through <a href="133#10.html">B.26</a> show the contents of these structures.</p>

<a namE="2"></a><p><TablE bordEr="1" ceLLSPacinG="0" CELlpadDING="1" widtH="100%">
<CAPtion><h5>Table燘.22.  <tt class="monofont">PySequenceMethods</tt>  Structure</h5></captiOn><cOlgrOup spAn="3">
<tr>
<TH VAlign="top">
<FONT size="2">
<P><B>C Datatype</B></P>
</font></TH>
<TH valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><b>Name</b></p>
</foNt></tH>
<th vAlign="top">
<Font SIZE="2">
<p><b>Python Method</b></p>
</FONT></th>
</tr>
<TR>
<TD valiGN="top">
<FOnt size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">(inquiry)</tt></p>
</fonT></td>
<Td vaLign="top">
<fOnt sIZE="2">
<P><tt clASS="monofont">sq_length</Tt></p>
</foNT></TD>
<td vaLIGN="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">_ _len_ _(</tt><i><tT clAss="monofont">x</tT></i>
<tt cLass="monofont">)</TT></P>
</Font></tD>
</TR>
<Tr>
<td vALIGn="top">
<fonT SIZe="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">(binaryfunc)</tt></p>
</font></td>
<td ValIgn="top">
<fOnt siZe="2">
<p><tT CLAss="monofont">sq_concat</tt></P>
</FONt></td>
<tD VALign="top">
<fONT Size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">_ _add_ _(</tt><i><tt clasS="monofont">x</tt></I>
<tt cLass="monofont">,</tT><i><tt CLASs="monofont">y</tt></i>
<TT CLass="monofont">)</tT></P>
</FOnt></td>
</TR>
<TR>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt cLasS="monofont">(intargfunc)</tt></p>
</Font></tD>
<td vALIGn="top">
<fonT SIZe="2">
<p><tt CLASs="monofont">sq_repeat</tt></p>
</FONT></td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tT clAss="monofont">_ _mul_ _(</tT><i><tt cLass="monofont">x</TT></I>
<Tt claSS="monofont">,</TT><i><tt cLASS="monofont">n</tt></i>
<tT CLAss="monofont">)</tt></p>
</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valIgn="top">
<Font Size="2">
<p><Tt clASS="monofont">(intargfunc)</Tt></p>
</foNT></TD>
<td vaLIGN="top">
<font SIZE="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">sq_item</tt></p>
</font></td>
<td vAliGn="top">
<foNt sizE="2">
<p><tt CLASs="monofont">_ _getitem_ _(</tt><i><TT CLass="monofont">x</tT></I>
<TT clasS="monofont">,</TT><I><tt class="monofont">n</tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">)</tt></p>
</FonT></td>
</tR>
<tr>
<td ValiGN="top">
<FOnt siZE="2">
<P><Tt claSS="monofont">(intintargfunc)</TT></p>
</fonT></TD>
<Td valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt clAss="monofont">sq_slice</Tt></p>
</fOnt></td>
<Td vaLIGN="top">
<font SIZE="2">
<p><tt cLASS="monofont">_ _getslice_ _(</tt><i><tT CLAss="monofont">x</tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">,</tt><i><tt claSs="monofont">i</tT></i>
<tt Class="monofont">,</Tt><i><tT CLAss="monofont">j</tt></I>
<TT Class="monofont">)</TT></P>
</Font></tD>
</TR>
<Tr>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt ClaSs="monofont">(intobjargproc)</tt></P>
</font></Td>
<td VALIgn="top">
<foNT SIze="2">
<p><tT CLAss="monofont">sq_ass_item</tt></P>
</FONt></td>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><Tt cLass="monofont">_ _setitem_ _(</Tt><i><tt ClasS="monofont">x</TT></I>
<tt clASS="monofont">,</Tt><i><tt CLASs="monofont">n</tt></i>
<TT CLass="monofont">,</tt><i><tt class="monofont">v</tt></i>
<tt clAss="monofont">)</Tt></p>
</fOnt></td>
</Tr>
<tr>
<TD VAlign="top">
<FONT size="2">
<P><TT Class="monofont">(intintobjargproc)</TT></P>
</Font></td>
<td valign="top">
<font sizE="2">
<p><tT claSs="monofont">sq_ass_slice</tt></p>
</Font></TD>
<TD valiGN="top">
<FOnt siZE="2">
<P><Tt claSS="monofont">_ _setslice_ _(</TT><i><tt class="monofont">x</tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">,</tt><I><tt ClasS="monofont">i</tt></i>
<tT claSS="monofont">,</TT><i><tt cLASS="monofont">j</tt></i>
<tT CLAss="monofont">,</tt><I><TT Class="monofont">v</tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">)</tt></p>
</fonT></td>
</Tr>
<tr>
<Td valIgn="top">
<fONT Size="2">
<p><TT CLass="monofont">(objobjproc)</tT></P>
</FOnt></td>
<TD VAlign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">sq_contains</Tt></p>
</Font></Td>
<td vAligN="top">
<FONt sizE="2">
<P><TT clasS="monofont">_ _contains_ _(</TT><I><tt clASS="monofont">x</Tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">,</tt><i><tt class="monofont">o</tT></i>
<tT claSs="monofont">)</tt></p>
</Font></TD>
</TR>
<tr>
<td VALIgn="top">
<foNT SIze="2">
<p><tT CLAss="monofont">(binaryfunc)</tt></p>
</font></td>
<td valign="top">
<fOnt Size="2">
<P><tt clAss="monofont">sq_inplace_concat</tT></P>
</FOnt></td>
<TD VAlign="top">
<FONT size="2">
<P><TT Class="monofont">_ _iadd_ _(</tt><i><tt class="monofont">x</tt></i>
<tt cLasS="monofont">,</tt><i><Tt claSs="monofont">y</tt></I>
<TT Class="monofont">)</TT></P>
</Font></tD>
</TR>
<Tr>
<td vALIGn="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">(intargfunc)</tt></p>
</FonT></td>
<tD valiGn="top">
<foNT SIze="2">
<p><tT CLAss="monofont">sq_inplace_repeat</tt></P>
</FONt></td>
<tD VALign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">_ _imul_ _(</tT><i><tT claSs="monofont">x</tt></i>
<Tt clASS="monofont">,</Tt><i><tt CLASs="monofont">n</tt></i>
<TT CLass="monofont">)</tT></P>
</FOnt></td>
</tr>
</colgroup>
</table></p>

<P><taBle bOrder="1" CellSPACing="0" cELLPaddiNG="1" WIdth="100%">
<cAPTIon><h5>Table燘.23.  <tt class="monofont">PyMappingMethods</tt>  Structure</h5></caption><ColGrouP span="3">
<Tr>
<th VALIgn="top">
<foNT SIze="2">
<p><b>C Datatype</B></P>
</FOnt></th>
<TH VAlign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><b>Name Python</b></p>
</font></Th>
<tH valIgn="top">
<foNt siZE="2">
<P><B>Method</b></p>
</foNT></TH>
</tr>
<tr>
<TD VAlign="top">
<FONT size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">(inquiry)</tt></p>
</font></tD>
<td ValiGn="top">
<fonT sizE="2">
<P><TT clasS="monofont">mp_length</TT></P>
</font></TD>
<TD valiGN="top">
<FOnt size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">_ _len_ _(</tt><i><tt cLasS="monofont">x</tt></i>
<Tt claSs="monofont">)</tt></P>
</FONt></td>
</tR>
<TR>
<Td valIGN="top">
<Font sIZE="2">
<P><tt class="monofont">(binaryfunc)</tt></p>
</font></td>
<td vaLigN="top">
<fonT size="2">
<P><tt cLASS="monofont">mp_subscript</tt></p>
</fONT></Td>
<td vALIGn="top">
<fonT SIZe="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">_ _getitem_ _(</tt><i><tt class="monofont">x</tT></i>
<tT claSs="monofont">,</tt><i><Tt clASS="monofont">key</Tt></i>
<tt CLASs="monofont">)</tt></p>
</FONT></td>
</tr>
<TR>
<TD valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt claSs="monofont">(objobjargproc)</tT></p>
</foNt></td>
<tD valIGN="top">
<Font sIZE="2">
<P><tt clASS="monofont">mp_ass_subscript</Tt></p>
</foNT></TD>
<td valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt cLasS="monofont">_ _setitem_ _(</tt><i><Tt claSs="monofont">x</tt></I>
<TT Class="monofont">,</TT><I><Tt claSS="monofont">key</TT></i>
<tt cLASS="monofont">,</tt><i><tt class="monofont">value</tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">)</Tt></p>
</Font></Td>
</tr>
</cOlgrOUP>
</Table></P>

<P><TAble bORDEr="1" celLSPAcing="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%">
<CapTion><H5>Table燘.24.  <tt clAss="monofont">PyNumberMethods</tT>  Structure</H5></CAptioN><COLgrouP SPAn="3">
<tr>
<tH VALign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><b>C Datatype</b></p>
</font></tH>
<th ValiGn="top">
<fonT sizE="2">
<P><B>Name</B></p>
</fonT></TH>
<Th valIGN="top">
<Font sIZE="2">
<P><b>Python Method</b></p>
</font></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valigN="top">
<foNt siZe="2">
<p><tt ClasS="monofont">(binaryfunc)</TT></P>
</font></TD>
<TD valiGN="top">
<FOnt siZE="2">
<P><Tt class="monofont">nb_add</tt></p>
</font></td>
<td valIgn="top">
<Font Size="2">
<p><Tt clASS="monofont">_ _add_ _(</Tt><i><tt CLASs="monofont">x</tt></i>
<TT CLass="monofont">,</tT><I><TT class="monofont">y</tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">)</tt></p>
</foNt></tD>
</tr>
<tR>
<td vaLign="top">
<FONT size="2">
<P><TT Class="monofont">(binaryfunc)</TT></P>
</Font></tD>
<TD Valign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt clasS="monofont">nb_subtract</tt></P>
</fonT></td>
<td ValiGN="top">
<FOnt siZE="2">
<P><Tt claSS="monofont">_ _sub_ _(</TT><i><tt cLASS="monofont">x</tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">,</tt><i><tt class="monofont">y</Tt></i>
<Tt clAss="monofont">)</tt></P>
</fonT></TD>
</Tr>
<tr>
<tD VALign="top">
<fONT Size="2">
<p><TT CLass="monofont">(binaryfunc)</tt></p>
</font></td>
<td valign="top">
<FonT sizE="2">
<p><tt cLass="monofont">nb_multiply</TT></P>
</Font></tD>
<TD ValigN="top">
<FONt sizE="2">
<P><TT class="monofont">_ _mul_ _(</tt><i><tt class="monofont">x</tt></i>
<tt ClaSs="monofont">,</tt><I><tt clAss="monofont">y</tT></I>
<TT clasS="monofont">)</TT></P>
</font></TD>
</TR>
<tr>
<td VALIgn="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">(binaryfunc)</tt></P>
</foNt></td>
<Td valIgn="top">
<fONT Size="2">
<p><TT CLass="monofont">nb_divide</tT></P>
</FOnt></td>
<TD VAlign="top">
<font size="2">
<p><tt class="monofont">_ _div_ _(</Tt><i><Tt clAss="monofont">x</tt></I>
<tt cLASS="monofont">,</tt><i><tT CLAss="monofont">y</tt></I>
<TT Class="monofont">)</TT></P>
</Font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<fonT siZe="2">
<p><tT clasS="monofont">(binaryfunc)</tt></p>
</FONT></td>
<td VALIgn="top">
<foNT SIze="2">
<p><tT CLAss="monofont">nb_remainder</tt></p>
</font></td>
<td valign="top">
<fOnt Size="2">
<P><tt clAss="monofont">_ _mod_ _(</tT><I><TT clasS="monofont">x</TT></I>
<tt clASS="monofont">,</Tt><i><tt CLASs="monofont">y</tt></i>
<tt class="monofont">)</tt></p>
</font></td>
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