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<table width="100%" cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0 border=0 class="navtopbg"><tr><td><font size="1"><p class="navtitle"><a href="main.asp?cat=2" class="navtitle">Linux/Unix</a> > <span class="nonavtitle">Python Essential Reference, Second Edition</span></p></font></td><td align="right" valign="top" nowrap><font size="1"><a href="main.asp?list" class="safnavoff">See All Titles</a></font></td></tr></table>
<blockquote><p><font size=3><a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910" class=ATitle>Python Essential Reference, Second Edition</a><br><br>
</font><font size=2><a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=1">About the Author</a><br>
<br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=3">About the Technical Reviewers</a><br>
<br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=5">Acknowledgments</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=7">Tell Us What You Think</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=9">Introduction</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=11">What抯 Inside?</a><br>
<br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=12">1. A Tutorial Introduction</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=14">Running Python</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=15">Variables and Arithmetic Expressions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=16">Conditionals</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=17">File Input and Output</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=18">Strings</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=19">Lists and Tuples</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=20">Loops</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=21">Dictionaries</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=22">Functions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=23">Classes</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=24">Exceptions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=25">Modules</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=26">2. Lexical Conventions and Syntax</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=28">Line Structure and Indentation</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=29">Identifiers and Reserved Words</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=30">Literals</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=31">Operators, Delimiters, and Special Symbols</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=32">Documentation Strings</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=33">3. Types and Objects</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=35">Terminology</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=36">Object Identity and Type</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=37">Reference Counting and Garbage Collection</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=38">References and Copies</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=39">Built-in Types</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=40">Special Methods</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=41">Performance and Memory Considerations</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=42">4. Operators and Expressions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=44">Operations on Numbers</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=45">Operations on Sequences</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=46">Operations on Dictionaries</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=47">Augmented Assignment</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=48">The Attribute ( . ) Operator</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=49">Type Conversion</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=50">Unicode Strings</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=51">Boolean Expressions and Truth Values</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=52">Object Equality and Identity</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=53">Order of Evaluation</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=54">5. Control Flow</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=56">Conditionals</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=57">Loops</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=58">Exceptions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=59">Defining New Exceptions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=60">Assertions and _ _debug_ _ </a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=61">6. Functions and Functional Programming</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=63">Functions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=64">Parameter Passing and Return Values</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=65">Scoping Rules</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=66">Recursion</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=67">The apply() Function</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=68">The lambda Operator</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=69">map() , zip() , reduce() , and filter() </a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=70">List Comprehensions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=71">eval() , exec , execfile() , and compile() </a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=72">7. Classes and Object-Oriented Programming</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=74">The class statement</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=75">Class Instances</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=76">Reference Counting and Instance Destruction</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=77">Inheritance</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=78">Polymorphism</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=79">Information Hiding</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=80">Operator Overloading</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=81">Classes, Types, and Membership Tests</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=82">8. Modules and Packages</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=84">Modules</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=85">The Module Search Path</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=86">Module Loading and Compilation</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=87">Module Reloading</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=88">Packages</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=89">9. Input and Output</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=91">Reading Options and Environment Variables</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=92">Files</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=93">Standard Input, Output, and Error</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=94">The print Statement</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=95">Persistence</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=96">Unicode I/O</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=97">10. Execution Environment</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=99">Interpreter Options and Environment</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=100">Interactive Sessions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=101">Launching Python Applications</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=102">Site Configuration Files</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=103">Enabling Future Features</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=104">Program Termination</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=105">A. The Python Library</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=107">Built-in Functions and Exceptions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=108">Python Services</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=109">Mathematics</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=110">String Handling</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=111">Data Management and Object Persistence</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=112">Operating System Services</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=113">Threads</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=114">Network Programming</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=115">Internet Data Handling and Encoding</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=116">Restricted Execution</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=117">Miscellaneous Modules</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=118">The Python Debugger</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=119">The Python Profiler</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=120">Undocumented Modules</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=121">B. Extending and Embedding Python</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=123">Enabling Optional Modules</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=124">Compilation of Extensions</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=125">Converting Data from Python to C</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=126">Converting Data from C to Python</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=127">Error Handling</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=128">Reference Counting</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=129">Calling Python from C</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=130">Abstract Object Layer</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=131">Low-Level Functions on Built-in Types</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=132">Defining New Types</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=133">Special Methods for Types</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=134">Threads</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=135">Embedding</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=136">Extension Building Tools</a><br>
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<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&cnode=137">C. Summary of Changes</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=139">Python 1.6</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=140">Python 2.0</a><br>
<a href="main.asp?bookname=0735710910&snode=141">Python 2.1</a><br>
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</font></p></blockquote><P><TABLE width="100%" border=0><TR valign="top"><TD><font size=1 color="#C0C0C0"><br></font></TD><TD align=right><font size=1 color="#C0C0C0">Last updated on 3/28/2002<br>Python Essential Reference, Second Edition, © 2002 New Riders Publishing</font></TD></TR></TABLE></P>
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