random.c

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/*
 * Copyright (c) 1983 Regents of the University of California.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
 * provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 * duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
 * advertising materials, and other materials related to such
 * distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
 * by the University of California, Berkeley.  The name of the
 * University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
 * from this software without specific prior written permission.
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 */

#ifdef __STDC__
        #pragma weak initstate = _initstate
        #pragma weak random    = _random
        #pragma weak setstate  = _setstate
        #pragma weak srandom   = _srandom
#endif
/*#include "synonyms.h"*/

#if defined(LIBC_SCCS) && !defined(lint)
static char sccsid[] = "@(#)random.c    5.5 (Berkeley) 7/6/88";
#endif /* LIBC_SCCS and not lint */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>     /* for prototyping */

#undef random
long random(void);

/*
 * random.c:
 * An improved random number generation package.  In addition to the standard
 * rand()/srand() like interface, this package also has a special state info
 * interface.  The initstate() routine is called with a seed, an array of
 * bytes, and a count of how many bytes are being passed in; this array is then
 * initialized to contain information for random number generation with that
 * much state information.  Good sizes for the amount of state information are
 * 32, 64, 128, and 256 bytes.  The state can be switched by calling the
 * setstate() routine with the same array as was initiallized with initstate().
 * By default, the package runs with 128 bytes of state information and
 * generates far better random numbers than a linear congruential generator.
 * If the amount of state information is less than 32 bytes, a simple linear
 * congruential R.N.G. is used.
 * Internally, the state information is treated as an array of longs; the
 * zeroeth element of the array is the type of R.N.G. being used (small
 * integer); the remainder of the array is the state information for the
 * R.N.G.  Thus, 32 bytes of state information will give 7 longs worth of
 * state information, which will allow a degree seven polynomial.  (Note: the 
 * zeroeth word of state information also has some other information stored
 * in it -- see setstate() for details).
 * The random number generation technique is a linear feedback shift register
 * approach, employing trinomials (since there are fewer terms to sum up that
 * way).  In this approach, the least significant bit of all the numbers in
 * the state table will act as a linear feedback shift register, and will have
 * period 2^deg - 1 (where deg is the degree of the polynomial being used,
 * assuming that the polynomial is irreducible and primitive).  The higher
 * order bits will have longer periods, since their values are also influenced
 * by pseudo-random carries out of the lower bits.  The total period of the
 * generator is approximately deg*(2**deg - 1); thus doubling the amount of
 * state information has a vast influence on the period of the generator.
 * Note: the deg*(2**deg - 1) is an approximation only good for large deg,
 * when the period of the shift register is the dominant factor.  With deg
 * equal to seven, the period is actually much longer than the 7*(2**7 - 1)
 * predicted by this formula.
 */



/*
 * For each of the currently supported random number generators, we have a
 * break value on the amount of state information (you need at least this
 * many bytes of state info to support this random number generator), a degree
 * for the polynomial (actually a trinomial) that the R.N.G. is based on, and
 * the separation between the two lower order coefficients of the trinomial.
 */

#define         TYPE_0          0               /* linear congruential */
#define         BREAK_0         8
#define         DEG_0           0
#define         SEP_0           0

#define         TYPE_1          1               /* x**7 + x**3 + 1 */
#define         BREAK_1         32
#define         DEG_1           7
#define         SEP_1           3

#define         TYPE_2          2               /* x**15 + x + 1 */
#define         BREAK_2         64
#define         DEG_2           15
#define         SEP_2           1

#define         TYPE_3          3               /* x**31 + x**3 + 1 */
#define         BREAK_3         128
#define         DEG_3           31
#define         SEP_3           3

#define         TYPE_4          4               /* x**63 + x + 1 */
#define         BREAK_4         256
#define         DEG_4           63
#define         SEP_4           1


/*
 * Array versions of the above information to make code run faster -- relies
 * on fact that TYPE_i == i.
 */

#define         MAX_TYPES       5               /* max number of types above */

static  const int       degrees[ MAX_TYPES ]    = { DEG_0, DEG_1, DEG_2,
                                                                DEG_3, DEG_4 };

static  const int       seps[ MAX_TYPES ]       = { SEP_0, SEP_1, SEP_2,
                                                                SEP_3, SEP_4 };



/*
 * Initially, everything is set up as if from :
 *              initstate( 1, &randtbl, 128 );
 * Note that this initialization takes advantage of the fact that srandom()
 * advances the front and rear pointers 10*rand_deg times, and hence the
 * rear pointer which starts at 0 will also end up at zero; thus the zeroeth
 * element of the state information, which contains info about the current
 * position of the rear pointer is just
 *      MAX_TYPES*(rptr - state) + TYPE_3 == TYPE_3.
 */

static  long            randtbl[ DEG_3 + 1 ]    = { TYPE_3,
                            0x9a319039, 0x32d9c024, 0x9b663182, 0x5da1f342, 
                            0xde3b81e0, 0xdf0a6fb5, 0xf103bc02, 0x48f340fb, 
                            0x7449e56b, 0xbeb1dbb0, 0xab5c5918, 0x946554fd, 
                            0x8c2e680f, 0xeb3d799f, 0xb11ee0b7, 0x2d436b86, 
                            0xda672e2a, 0x1588ca88, 0xe369735d, 0x904f35f7, 
                            0xd7158fd6, 0x6fa6f051, 0x616e6b96, 0xac94efdc, 
                            0x36413f93, 0xc622c298, 0xf5a42ab8, 0x8a88d77b, 
                                        0xf5ad9d0e, 0x8999220b, 0x27fb47b9 };

/*
 * fptr and rptr are two pointers into the state info, a front and a rear
 * pointer.  These two pointers are always rand_sep places aparts, as they cycle
 * cyclically through the state information.  (Yes, this does mean we could get
 * away with just one pointer, but the code for random() is more efficient this
 * way).  The pointers are left positioned as they would be from the call
 *                      initstate( 1, randtbl, 128 )
 * (The position of the rear pointer, rptr, is really 0 (as explained above
 * in the initialization of randtbl) because the state table pointer is set
 * to point to randtbl[1] (as explained below).
 */

static  long            *fptr                   = &randtbl[ SEP_3 + 1 ];
static  long            *rptr                   = &randtbl[ 1 ];



/*
 * The following things are the pointer to the state information table,
 * the type of the current generator, the degree of the current polynomial
 * being used, and the separation between the two pointers.
 * Note that for efficiency of random(), we remember the first location of
 * the state information, not the zeroeth.  Hence it is valid to access
 * state[-1], which is used to store the type of the R.N.G.
 * Also, we remember the last location, since this is more efficient than
 * indexing every time to find the address of the last element to see if
 * the front and rear pointers have wrapped.
 */

static  long            *state                  = &randtbl[ 1 ];

static  int             rand_type               = TYPE_3;
static  int             rand_deg                = DEG_3;
static  int             rand_sep                = SEP_3;

static  long            *end_ptr                = &randtbl[ DEG_3 + 1 ];



/*
 * srandom:
 * Initialize the random number generator based on the given seed.  If the
 * type is the trivial no-state-information type, just remember the seed.
 * Otherwise, initializes state[] based on the given "seed" via a linear
 * congruential generator.  Then, the pointers are set to known locations
 * that are exactly rand_sep places apart.  Lastly, it cycles the state
 * information a given number of times to get rid of any initial dependencies
 * introduced by the L.C.R.N.G.
 * Note that the initialization of randtbl[] for default usage relies on
 * values produced by this routine.
 */

void
srandom( x )
    unsigned            x;
{
        register  int           i;

        if(  rand_type  ==  TYPE_0  )  {
            state[ 0 ] = (long) x;
        }
        else  {
            state[ 0 ] = (long) x;
            for( i = 1; i < rand_deg; i++ )  {
                state[i] = 1103515245*state[i - 1] + 12345;
            }
            fptr = &state[ rand_sep ];
            rptr = &state[ 0 ];
            for( i = 0; i < 10*rand_deg; i++ )  random();
        }
}



/*
 * initstate:
 * Initialize the state information in the given array of n bytes for
 * future random number generation.  Based on the number of bytes we
 * are given, and the break values for the different R.N.G.'s, we choose
 * the best (largest) one we can and set things up for it.  srandom() is
 * then called to initialize the state information.
 * Note that on return from srandom(), we set state[-1] to be the type
 * multiplexed with the current value of the rear pointer; this is so
 * successive calls to initstate() won't lose this information and will
 * be able to restart with setstate().
 * Note: the first thing we do is save the current state, if any, just like
 * setstate() so that it doesn't matter when initstate is called.
 * Returns a pointer to the old state.
 */

char  *
initstate( seed, arg_state, n )

    unsigned            seed;                   /* seed for R. N. G. */
    char                *arg_state;             /* pointer to state array */
    size_t              n;                      /* # bytes of state info */
{
        register  char          *ostate         = (char *)( &state[ -1 ] );

        if(  rand_type  ==  TYPE_0  )  state[ -1 ] = rand_type;
        else  state[ -1 ] = MAX_TYPES*(rptr - state) + rand_type;
        if(  n  <  BREAK_1  )  {
            if(  n  <  BREAK_0  )  {
                fprintf( stderr, "initstate: not enough state (%d bytes) with which to do jack; ignored.\n", n );
                return 0;
            }
            rand_type = TYPE_0;
            rand_deg = DEG_0;
            rand_sep = SEP_0;
        }
        else  {
            if(  n  <  BREAK_2  )  {
                rand_type = TYPE_1;
                rand_deg = DEG_1;
                rand_sep = SEP_1;
            }
            else  {
                if(  n  <  BREAK_3  )  {
                    rand_type = TYPE_2;
                    rand_deg = DEG_2;
                    rand_sep = SEP_2;
                }
                else  {
                    if(  n  <  BREAK_4  )  {
                        rand_type = TYPE_3;
                        rand_deg = DEG_3;
                        rand_sep = SEP_3;
                    }
                    else  {
                        rand_type = TYPE_4;
                        rand_deg = DEG_4;
                        rand_sep = SEP_4;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        state = &(  ( (long *)arg_state )[1]  );        /* first location */
        end_ptr = &state[ rand_deg ];   /* must set end_ptr before srandom */
        srandom( seed );
        if(  rand_type  ==  TYPE_0  )  state[ -1 ] = rand_type;
        else  state[ -1 ] = MAX_TYPES*(rptr - state) + rand_type;
        return( ostate );
}



/*
 * setstate:
 * Restore the state from the given state array.
 * Note: it is important that we also remember the locations of the pointers
 * in the current state information, and restore the locations of the pointers
 * from the old state information.  This is done by multiplexing the pointer
 * location into the zeroeth word of the state information.
 * Note that due to the order in which things are done, it is OK to call
 * setstate() with the same state as the current state.
 * Returns a pointer to the old state information.
 */

char  *
setstate( arg_state )

    const char          *arg_state;
{
        register  long          *new_state      = (long *)arg_state;
        register  int           type            = (int)new_state[0]%MAX_TYPES;
        register  int           rear            = (int)new_state[0]/MAX_TYPES;
        char                    *ostate         = (char *)( &state[ -1 ] );

        if(  rand_type  ==  TYPE_0  )  state[ -1 ] = rand_type;
        else  state[ -1 ] = MAX_TYPES*(rptr - state) + rand_type;
        switch(  type  )  {
            case  TYPE_0:
            case  TYPE_1:
            case  TYPE_2:
            case  TYPE_3:
            case  TYPE_4:
                rand_type = type;
                rand_deg = degrees[ type ];
                rand_sep = seps[ type ];
                break;

            default:
                fprintf( stderr, "setstate: state info has been munged; not changed.\n" );
        }
        state = &new_state[ 1 ];
        if(  rand_type  !=  TYPE_0  )  {
            rptr = &state[ rear ];
            fptr = &state[ (rear + rand_sep)%rand_deg ];
        }
        end_ptr = &state[ rand_deg ];           /* set end_ptr too */
        return( ostate );
}



/*
 * random:
 * If we are using the trivial TYPE_0 R.N.G., just do the old linear
 * congruential bit.  Otherwise, we do our fancy trinomial stuff, which is the
 * same in all ther other cases due to all the global variables that have been
 * set up.  The basic operation is to add the number at the rear pointer into
 * the one at the front pointer.  Then both pointers are advanced to the next
 * location cyclically in the table.  The value returned is the sum generated,
 * reduced to 31 bits by throwing away the "least random" low bit.
 * Note: the code takes advantage of the fact that both the front and
 * rear pointers can't wrap on the same call by not testing the rear
 * pointer if the front one has wrapped.
 * Returns a 31-bit random number.
 */

long
random(void)
{
        long            i;
        
        if(  rand_type  ==  TYPE_0  )  {
            i = state[0] = ( state[0]*1103515245 + 12345 )&0x7fffffff;
        }
        else  {
            *fptr += *rptr;
            i = (*fptr >> 1)&0x7fffffff;        /* chucking least random bit */
            if(  ++fptr  >=  end_ptr  )  {
                fptr = state;
                ++rptr;
            }
            else  {
                if(  ++rptr  >=  end_ptr  )  rptr = state;
            }
        }
        return( i );
}