particle.c

学习c++必备

/* 
    particle.c
    Nate Robins, 1997

    An example of a simple particle system.

 */


#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>


#ifdef _WIN32
#define drand48() ((float)rand()/RAND_MAX)
#endif


/* #define SCREEN_SAVER_MODE */

#define PS_GRAVITY -9.8
#define PS_WATERFALL 0
#define PS_FOUNTAIN  1


typedef struct {
    float x, y, z;
    float radius;
} PSsphere;

typedef struct {
    float position[3];			/* current position */
    float previous[3];			/* previous position */
    float velocity[3];			/* velocity (magnitude & direction) */
    float dampening;			/* % of energy lost on collision */
    int alive;				/* is this particle alive? */
} PSparticle;


PSparticle* particles = NULL;
PSsphere    sphere = { 0, 1, 0, 0.25 };
int num_particles = 5000;
int type = PS_WATERFALL;
int points = 1;
int do_sphere = 0;
int frame_rate = 1;
float frame_time = 0;
float flow = 500;
float slow_down = 1;

float spin_x = 0;
float spin_y = 0;
int point_size = 3;


/* timedelta: returns the number of seconds that have elapsed since
   the previous call to the function. */
float
timedelta(void)
{
    static long begin = 0;
    static long finish, difference;

#if defined(_WIN32)
#include <sys/timeb.h>
    static struct timeb tb;

    ftime(&tb);
    finish = tb.time*1000+tb.millitm;
#else
#include <limits.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/times.h>
    static struct tms tb;

    finish = times(&tb);
#endif

    difference = finish - begin;
    begin = finish;

    return (float)difference/(float)1000;  /* CLK_TCK=1000 */
}


/* text: draws a string of text with an 18 point helvetica bitmap font
   at position (x,y) in window space (bottom left corner is (0,0). */
void
text(int x, int y, char* s) 
{
    int lines;
    char* p;

    glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glPushMatrix();
    glLoadIdentity();
    glOrtho(0, glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH), 
	    0, glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT), -1, 1);
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glPushMatrix();
    glLoadIdentity();
    glColor3ub(0, 0, 0);
    glRasterPos2i(x+1, y-1);
    for(p = s, lines = 0; *p; p++) {
	if (*p == '\n') {
	    lines++;
	    glRasterPos2i(x+1, y-1-(lines*18));
	}
	glutBitmapCharacter(GLUT_BITMAP_HELVETICA_18, *p);
    }
    glColor3ub(128, 0, 255);
    glRasterPos2i(x, y);
    for(p = s, lines = 0; *p; p++) {
	if (*p == '\n') {
	    lines++;
	    glRasterPos2i(x, y-(lines*18));
	}
	glutBitmapCharacter(GLUT_BITMAP_HELVETICA_18, *p);
    }
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glPopMatrix();
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glPopMatrix();
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
}


int
fequal(float a, float b)
{
    float epsilon = 0.1;
    float f = a - b;
    
    if (f < epsilon && f > -epsilon)
	return 1;
    else
	return 0;
}


void
psTimeStep(PSparticle* p, float dt)
{
    if (p->alive == 0)
	return;

    p->velocity[0] += 0;
    p->velocity[1] += PS_GRAVITY*dt;
    p->velocity[2] += 0;

    p->previous[0] = p->position[0];
    p->previous[1] = p->position[1];
    p->previous[2] = p->position[2];

    p->position[0] += p->velocity[0]*dt;
    p->position[1] += p->velocity[1]*dt;
    p->position[2] += p->velocity[2]*dt;
}


void
psNewParticle(PSparticle* p, float dt)
{
    if (type == PS_WATERFALL) {
	p->velocity[0] = 1*(drand48()-0.5);
	p->velocity[1] = 0;
	p->velocity[2] = 0.5*(drand48()-0.0);
	p->position[0] = 0;
	p->position[1] = 2;
	p->position[2] = 0;
	p->previous[0] = p->position[0];
	p->previous[1] = p->position[1];
	p->previous[2] = p->position[2];
	p->dampening = 0.45*drand48();
	p->alive = 1;
    } else if (type == PS_FOUNTAIN) {
	p->velocity[0] = 2*(drand48()-0.5);
	p->velocity[1] = 6;
	p->velocity[2] = 2*(drand48()-0.5);
	p->position[0] = 0;
	p->position[1] = 0;
	p->position[2] = 0;
	p->previous[0] = p->position[0];
	p->previous[1] = p->position[1];
	p->previous[2] = p->position[2];
	p->dampening = 0.35*drand48();
	p->alive = 1;
    }

    psTimeStep(p, 2*dt*drand48());
}


/* psBounce: the particle has gone past (or exactly hit) the ground
   plane, so calculate the time at which the particle actually
   intersected the ground plane (s).  essentially, this just rolls
   back time to when the particle hit the ground plane, then starts
   time again from then.

   -  -   o A  (previous position)
   |  |    \
   |  s     \   o  (position it _should_ be at) -
   t  |      \ /                                | t - s 
   |  - ------X--------                         -
   |           \
   -            o B  (new position)
               
   A + V*s = 0 or s = -A/V

   to calculate where the particle should be:

   A + V*t + V*(t-s)*d

   where d is a damping factor which accounts for the loss
   of energy due to the bounce. */
void
psBounce(PSparticle* p, float dt)
{
    float s;

    if (p->alive == 0)
	return;

    /* since we know it is the ground plane, we only need to
       calculate s for a single dimension. */
    s = -p->previous[1]/p->velocity[1];

    p->position[0] = (p->previous[0] + p->velocity[0] * s + 
		      p->velocity[0] * (dt-s) * p->dampening);
    p->position[1] = -p->velocity[1] * (dt-s) * p->dampening; /* reflect */
    p->position[2] = (p->previous[2] + p->velocity[2] * s + 
		      p->velocity[2] * (dt-s) * p->dampening);

    /* damp the reflected velocity (since the particle hit something,
       it lost some energy) */
    p->velocity[0] *=  p->dampening;
    p->velocity[1] *= -p->dampening;		/* reflect */
    p->velocity[2] *=  p->dampening;
}

void
psCollide(PSparticle* p)
{
    float vx = p->position[0] - sphere.x;
    float vy = p->position[1] - sphere.y;
    float vz = p->position[2] - sphere.z;
    float distance;

    if (p->alive == 0)
	return;

    distance = sqrt(vx*vx + vy*vy + vz*vz);

    if (distance < sphere.radius) {
#if 0
	vx /= distance;  vy /= distance;  vz /= distance;
	d = 2*(-vx*p->velocity[0] + -vy*p->velocity[1] + -vz*p->velocity[2]);
	p->velocity[0] += vx*d*2;
	p->velocity[1] += vy*d*2;
	p->velocity[2] += vz*d*2;
	d = sqrt(p->velocity[0]*p->velocity[0] + 
		 p->velocity[1]*p->velocity[1] +
		 p->velocity[2]*p->velocity[2]);
	p->velocity[0] /= d;
	p->velocity[1] /= d;
	p->velocity[2] /= d;
#else
	p->position[0] = sphere.x+(vx/distance)*sphere.radius;
	p->position[1] = sphere.y+(vy/distance)*sphere.radius;
	p->position[2] = sphere.z+(vz/distance)*sphere.radius;
	p->previous[0] = p->position[0];
	p->previous[1] = p->position[1];
	p->previous[2] = p->position[2];
	p->velocity[0] = vx/distance;
	p->velocity[1] = vy/distance;
	p->velocity[2] = vz/distance;
#endif
    }
}


void
reshape(int width, int height)
{
    float black[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };

    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    gluPerspective(60, 1, 0.1, 1000);
    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glLoadIdentity();
    gluLookAt(0, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
    glFogfv(GL_FOG_COLOR, black);
    glFogf(GL_FOG_START, 2.5);
    glFogf(GL_FOG_END, 4);
    glEnable(GL_FOG);
    glFogi(GL_FOG_MODE, GL_LINEAR);
    glPointSize(point_size);
    glEnable(GL_POINT_SMOOTH);
    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
    glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);

    timedelta();
}


void
display(void)
{
    static int i;
    static float c;
    static char s[32];
    static int frames = 0;

    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    glPushMatrix();

    glRotatef(spin_y, 1, 0, 0);
    glRotatef(spin_x, 0, 1, 0);

    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
    if (do_sphere) {
	glPushMatrix();
	glTranslatef(sphere.x, sphere.y, sphere.z);
	glColor3ub(0, 255, 128);
	glutSolidSphere(sphere.radius, 16, 16);
	glPopMatrix();
    }
    glDisable(GL_LIGHTING);

    glBegin(GL_QUADS);
    glColor3ub(0, 128, 255);
    glVertex3f(-2, 0, -2);
    glVertex3f(-2, 0, 2);
    glVertex3f(2, 0, 2);
    glVertex3f(2, 0, -2);
    glEnd();

    if (points) {
	glBegin(GL_POINTS);
	
	for (i = 0; i < num_particles; i++) {
	    if (particles[i].alive == 0)
		continue;
	    c = particles[i].position[1]/2.1*255;
	    glColor3ub((GLubyte) c, (GLubyte) (128+c*0.5), 255);
	    glVertex3fv(particles[i].position);
	}
	glEnd();
    } else {
	glBegin(GL_LINES);
	for (i = 0; i < num_particles; i++) {
	    if (particles[i].alive == 0)
		continue;
	    c = particles[i].previous[1]/2.1*255;
	    glColor3ub((GLubyte) c, (GLubyte) (128+c*0.5), 255);
	    glVertex3fv(particles[i].previous);
	    c = particles[i].position[1]/2.1*255;
	    glColor3ub((GLubyte) c, (GLubyte) (128+c*0.5), 255);
	    glVertex3fv(particles[i].position);
	}
	glEnd();
    }

    /* spit out frame rate. */
    if (frame_rate) {
	frames++;
	if (frames > 7) {
	    sprintf(s, "%g fps", (float)7/frame_time);
	    frame_time = 0;
	    frames = 0;
	}
	text(5, 5, s);
    }

    glPopMatrix();
    glutSwapBuffers();
}

void
idleFunc(void)
{
    static int i;
    static int living = 0;		/* index to end of live particles */
    static float dt;

    dt = timedelta();
    frame_time += dt;

#if 1
    /* slow the simulation if we can't keep the frame rate up around
       10 fps */
    if (dt > 0.1) {
	slow_down = 0.75;
    } else if (dt < 0.1) {
	slow_down = 1;
    }
#endif

    dt *= slow_down;

    /* resurrect a few particles */
    for (i = 0; i < flow*dt; i++) {
	psNewParticle(&particles[living], dt);
	living++;
	if (living >= num_particles)
	    living = 0;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < num_particles; i++) {
	psTimeStep(&particles[i], dt);

	/* collision with sphere? */
	if (do_sphere) {
	    psCollide(&particles[i]);
	}

	/* collision with ground? */
	if (particles[i].position[1] <= 0) {
	    psBounce(&particles[i], dt);
	}

	/* dead particle? */
	if (particles[i].position[1] < 0.1 && 
	    fequal(particles[i].velocity[1], 0)) {
	    particles[i].alive = 0;
	}
    }

    glutPostRedisplay();
}

void
visible(int state)
{
    if (state == GLUT_VISIBLE) {
        timedelta();
	glutIdleFunc(idleFunc);
    } else {
	glutIdleFunc(NULL);
    }
}

void
bail(int code)
{
    free(particles);
    exit(code);
}

#ifdef SCREEN_SAVER_MODE
/* ARGSUSED */
void
ss_keyboard(char key, int x, int y)
{
    bail(0);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
void
ss_mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y)
{
    bail(0);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
void
ss_passive(int x, int y)
{
    static int been_here = 0;

    /* for some reason, GLUT sends an initial passive motion callback
       when a window is initialized, so this would immediately
       terminate the program.  to get around this, see if we've been
       here before. (actually if we've been here twice.) */

    if (been_here > 1)
	bail(0);
    been_here++;
}

#else

/* ARGSUSED1 */
void
keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
    static int fullscreen = 0;
    static int old_x = 50;
    static int old_y = 50;
    static int old_width = 320;
    static int old_height = 320;

    switch (key) {
    case 27:
        bail(0);
	break;

    case 'w':
	type = PS_WATERFALL;
	break;

    case 'f':
	type = PS_FOUNTAIN;
	break;

    case 's':
	do_sphere = !do_sphere;
	break;

    case 'l':
	points = !points;
	break;

    case 'P':
	point_size++;
	glPointSize(point_size);
	break;
	
    case 'p':
	point_size--;
	if (point_size < 1)
	    point_size = 1;
	glPointSize(point_size);
	break;
	
    case '+':
	flow += 100;
	if (flow > num_particles)
	    flow = num_particles;
	printf("%g particles/second\n", flow);
	break;

    case '-':
	flow -= 100;
	if (flow < 0)
	    flow = 0;
	printf("%g particles/second\n", flow);
	break;

    case '~':
	fullscreen = !fullscreen;
	if (fullscreen) {
	    old_x = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_X);
	    old_y = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_Y);
	    old_width = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH);
	    old_height = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT);
	    glutFullScreen();
	} else {
	    glutReshapeWindow(old_width, old_height);
	    glutPositionWindow(old_x, old_y);
	}
	break;
    }
}

#endif

int old_x, old_y;

/* ARGSUSED */
void
mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y)
{
    old_x = x;
    old_y = y;

    glutPostRedisplay();
}

void
motion(int x, int y)
{
    spin_x = x - old_x;
    spin_y = y - old_y;

    glutPostRedisplay();
}

int
main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB|GLUT_DEPTH|GLUT_DOUBLE);
    glutInitWindowPosition(50, 50);
    glutInitWindowSize(320, 320);
    glutInit(&argc, argv);

    if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-fullscreen")) {
      glutGameModeString("640x480:16@60");
      glutEnterGameMode();
    } else {
      glutCreateWindow("Particles");
    }

    glutDisplayFunc(display);
    glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
#ifdef SCREEN_SAVER_MODE
    glutPassiveMotionFunc(ss_passive);
    glutKeyboardFunc(ss_keyboard);
    glutMouseFunc(ss_mouse);
    glutSetCursor(GLUT_CURSOR_NONE);
    glutFullScreen(); 
#else
    glutMotionFunc(motion);
    glutMouseFunc(mouse);
    glutKeyboardFunc(keyboard);
#endif

    if (argc > 1) {
	if (strcmp(argv[1], "-h") == 0) {
	    fprintf(stderr, "%s [particles] [flow] [speed%%]\n", argv[0]);
	    exit(0);
	}
	sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &num_particles);
	if (argc > 2)
	    sscanf(argv[2], "%f", &flow);
	if (argc > 3)
	    sscanf(argv[3], "%f", &slow_down);
    }      

    particles = (PSparticle*)malloc(sizeof(PSparticle) * num_particles);

    glutVisibilityFunc(visible);
    glutMainLoop();
    return 0;
}