glossary.html

Smart Card Developer s Kit, a smart card manual for development, English

<DT><B>page size</B>
<DD>The smallest number of bytes in EEPROM memory that can be written with one write operation. Page sizes in smart cards vary from 1 to 32 bytes.
<DT><B>path</B>
<DD>The location of a file with respect to the root directory.
<DT><B>PC/SC (personal computer/smart card)</B>
<DD>A group of personal computer and smart card companies, founded to work on open specifications to integrate smart cards with personal computers. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.smartcardsys.com">www.smartcardsys.com</A>.
<DT><B>personalization</B>
<DD>The process during which individual data are loaded into the smart card chip. Typically performed together with the printing or embossing of personal data (name, ID number, picture, and so on) and an account number onto the face of the card.
<DT><B>phone card</B>
<DD>A card that can be used for the payment of telephone charges, typically in a pay phone.
<DT><B>PIN (personal identification number)</B>
<DD>Typically a four- or five-digit number used by the operating system on the smart card to authenticate the cardholder.
<DT><B>PKA (public key algorithm)</B>
<DD>A cryptographic algorithm that uses a pair of keys, a public key and a private key, that are different from one another. The public key is published and available to anyone wishing to send an encrypted communication to the holder of the private key. <I>See also</I> SKA (secret key algorithm).
<DT><B>PKI (public key infrastructure)</B>
<DD>A system of storing and distributing public keys together with their current status, typically at scale (that is, millions to billions of keys).
<DT><B>POS (point of sale)</B>
<DD>A type of terminal found, for example, at grocery store checkout stations.
<DT><B>private key</B>
<DD>A cryptographic key known only to the owner. Or, the secret component of an asymmetric cryptographic key. <I>See also</I> PKA (public key algorithm).
<DT><B>processor card</B>
<DD>A smart card that contains a microprocessor or microcontroller that can execute a program stored in the card&#146;s memory.
<DT><B>processor core</B>
<DD><I>See</I> core.
<DT><B>Proton</B>
<DD>A smart card operating system developed by Banksys in Belgium. Used for travel and entertainment by American Express, Hilton Hotels, and American Airlines in the United States and for e-cash in Sweden. For more information, go to <A HREF="http://library.cs.tuiasi.ro/hardware/smart-card-developer-kit/www.proton.be">www.proton.be</A>.
<DT><B>public key</B>
<DD>The publicly available and distributed component of an asymmetric cryptographic key.
<DT><B>purse file</B>
<DD>A type of file in a smart card&#146;s file system that is used to implement electronic purses.
<DT><B>PVC (polyvinyl chloride)</B>
<DD>Plastic material used for the body of some smart cards.
<DT><B>RAM (random access memory)</B>
<DD>Memory used for temporary storage of data by the CPU in a smart card. RAM is volatile; its contents are lost when power is removed from the smart card. <I>See also</I> NVM (nonvolatile memory).
<DT><B>Regulation E</B>
<DD>A U.S. Federal regulation designed to protect users and issuers using electronic financial transfers from fraudulent transactions. It requires users to receive a receipt of financial transactions, puts restrictions on issuance of accessible devices, establishes the conditions of this type of service, and puts limits on consumer liability.
<DT><B>relative path</B>
<DD>The location of a file relative to the current file.
<DT><B>retention time</B>
<DD>The length of time a smart card will hold data in its nonvolatile memory&#151;typically, 10 years.
<DT><B>RF/DC (radio frequency/direct communication)</B>
<DD>A method of communication without physical contact using radio frequency transmission.
<DT><B>RF/ID (radio frequency/identification)</B>
<DD>A method identification without physical contact using radio frequency transmission.
<DT><B>ROM (read-only memory)</B>
<DD>A permanent memory in a smart card to which the CPU cannot write new information and that cannot be updated or changed. It is written during the manufacture of the chip and typically contains the smart card operating system and manufacturer keys.
<DT><B>RSA</B>
<DD>An asymmetric cryptographic algorithm named after its inventors, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.rsa.com">www.rsa.com</A>.
<DT><B>RST</B>
<DD>The contact or pad on the smart card module that, when activated, causes a physical reset of the microprocessor in the smart card.
<DT><B>SDK (software development kit)</B>
<DD>A collection of software and software tools useful in building a particular kind of software application; (such as a smart card software development kit or a graphics software development kit).
<DT><B>SET (secure electronic transactions)</B>
<DD>A protocol developed by Visa and MasterCard for making credit card purchases on the Internet.
<DT><B>SIM (subscriber identity module)</B>
<DD>The type of module used in GSM smart cards to allow personal access to the GSM network. The SIM contains the user&#146;s cellular telephone account information.
<DT><B>simulator</B>
<DD>A computer program that runs on a personal computer, for example, that executes a program to eventually be executed on a smart card and provides tools to the smart card program developer to study and debug the smart card program. <I>See also</I> emulator.
<DT><B>SKA (secret key algorithm)</B>
<DD>A cryptographic algorithm that uses a single key that is shared by the sender and the recipient of the encrypted message. The single key is used for both encryption and decryption and must be kept a secret shared between them.
<DT><B>smart card</B>
<DD>A plastic card with a microprocessor chip that provides secure access to the memory of the card and performs other data-processing and communication functions. Smart cards are used to store monetary value and personal identification information.
<DT><B>smart card editor</B>
<DD>A program typically with a graphical user interface that enables you to see and change the contents of a smart card as well as send the smart card any command it supports.
<DT><B>Smart Card Forum</B>
<DD>A smart card trade association. See <TT>www.smartcrd.com</TT>.
<DT><B>soft mask</B>
<DD>Executable code typically written in machine language that is written into a smart card&#146;s nonvolatile memory after the card is manufactured. Soft mask code can either correct errors in the smart card operating system stored in ROM or add additional capabilities to the smart card.
<DT><B>SPOM (self-programmable)</B>
<DD>A one-chip microcomputer in which one integrated circuit contains all the electronic components of the microcomputer. Smart card chips are SPOMs.
<DT><B>stamp</B>
<DD>A MAC additionally containing input data.
<DT><B>start bit</B>
<DD>In an asynchronous communication protocol, the start bit signals the beginning of a new message and alerts the receiver to start collecting the bits of the message. The start bit typically serves only this heads-up function and is not part of the message itself.
<DT><B>SVC (stored value card)</B>
<DD>A smart card that stores nonbearer values such as e-cash. Some stored value cards can be reloaded with more value and some cannot.
<DT><B>swallow</B>
<DD>To pull the smart card completely inside the reader so that the cardholder can&#146;t remove the card from the reader during a transaction.
<DT><B>symmetric algorithms</B>
<DD>A cryptographic algorithm or protocol in which the same key is held by both parties and is used for both encryption and decryption. DES is a symmetric algorithm.
<DT><B>symmetric key</B>
<DD>A cryptographic key used in a symmetric cryptographic algorithm. It is called <I>symmetric</I> because the same key is used to decrypt a message as was used to encrypt the message. <I>See also</I> SKA (secret key algorithm).
<DT><B>synchronous protocol</B>
<DD>A communication protocol that is premised on the existence of a common clock or synchronized clocks between the sender and the receiver of the data.
<DT><B>T=0</B>
<DD>A communication protocol between a smart card and a smart card reader thatt ransfers information one byte at a time; a byte-oriented smart card communication protocol.
<DT><B>T=1</B>
<DD>A communication protocol between a smart card and a smart card reader that transfers information in a block or blocks of multiple bytes; a block-oriented smart card communication protocol.
<DT><B>tamper detection</B>
<DD>Capabilities of a smart card such as low voltage or slow clock detection circuits that enable the card to detect an attempted, unauthorized access to data it contains or an attempt to alter the calculations it performs.
<DT><B>tamper evident</B>
<DD>Physical aspects of a smart card that, when altered, will not return to their unaltered state and thus will show that the card has been tampered with.
<DT><B>tamper resistant</B>
<DD>Properties of a smart card&#151;both in hardware and software&#151;that make it difficult to perform unauthorized alterations of the data stored in the smart card or to make the smart card perform unauthorized computations.
<DT><B>tamper response</B>
<DD>Actions such as zeroization taken by a smart card when tampering is detected.
<DT><B>TE (terminal equipment)</B>
<DD>Another name for a smart card reader.
<DT><B>tear</B>
<DD>To remove a smart card from the smart card reader in the middle of a transaction; may leave the data on the smart card in an inconsistent or incorrect state.
<DT><B>TESA-7</B>
<DD>A cryptographic algorithm used in GSM telephony.
<DT><B>timing attack</B>
<DD>An attack on a smart card&#146;s security system that is based on precise measurement of how long it takes the microprocessor to perform certain functions. For example, it takes longer to multiply by one than by zero.
<DT><B>TLV (tag length value)</B>
<DD>A way of formatting arbitrary data for transmission between a smart card and a host application.
<DT><B>TPDU (Transmission Protocol Data Unit)</B>
<DD>A block of data sent from the smart card to the host application.
<DT><B>transaction</B>
<DD>A business or payment event for the exchange of value for goods or services.
<DT><B>transaction time</B>
<DD>The amount of time between the start and finish of a transaction.
<DT><B>transparent file</B>
<DD>A type of file organization. The EEPROM file contains a byte string. Data is accessed using the offset length relative to the first byte within the byte string.
<DT><B>transportation key or transport key</B>
<DD>A key that prevents data being written into a smart card NVM when it is being transported from the chip manufacturer to the card manufacturer or from the card manufacturer to the card issuer.
<DT><B>Unicode</B>
<DD>A method for encoding characters from many alphabets in 2 bytes or 16 bits. For example, 03BE<SUB>16</SUB> is the lowercase Greek letter epsilon (&#949;). <I>See also</I> ASCII.
<DT><B>value checker</B>
<DD>A battery-operated smart card reader for checking the current value held in a stored value card.
<DT><B>V<SUB>CC</SUB>
</B>
<DD>The contact or pad on a smart card module through which voltage is supplied to power the smart card processor; also the voltage itself, typically 5 volts.
<DT><B>Visa Cash card</B>
<DD>A stored-value smart card produced by Visa that transfers U.S. cash.
<DT><B>voltage attack</B>
<DD>An attack on a smart card&#146;s security system that is based on making very precise measurements of how much voltage the smart card draws. For example, some smart card chips draw more voltage when they are multiplying by one than when they are multiplying by zero.
<DT><B>V<SUB>PP</SUB>
</B>
<DD>The contact or pad on a smart card module through which voltage is supplied to program or to erase the nonvolatile memory of the smart card; also, the voltage itself, typically 5 volts.
<DT><B>wired logic card</B>
<DD><I>See</I> intelligent memory card.
<DT><B>write/erase time</B>
<DD>The amount of time it takes to write or erase a page of nonvolatile memory in a smart card. Typically on the order of 5 milliseconds for EEPROM memory.
<DT><B>zeroization</B>
<DD>Setting the nonvolatile memory of a smart card to all null values (zero), wiping out all data stored on the smart card; typically done in response to tamper detection.
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