glossary.html

Smart Card Developer s Kit, a smart card manual for development, English

<DT><B>electronic wallet</B>
<DD>Similar to an e-purse, with added functions such as credit and debit account access capability. <I>See also</I> EP or E-purse.
<DT><B>emulator</B>
<DD>A computer program plus special hardware that enables a program developer to run a smart card program on the actual smart card chip but still be able to control and analyze the execution of the program. An emulator, for example, typically allows the developer to single-step the smart card processor and examine the smart card processor&#146;s registers and memory.
<DT><B>EMV (Europay, MasterCard, and Visa)</B>
<DD>An alliance of bankcard associations that generated a smart card standard for payment (credit and debit) smart cards, popularly called EMV&#146;96.
<DT><B>EN 726</B>
<DD>A standard for smart cards and terminals for telecommunication use. The standard is the technical basis for smart cards in Europe.
<DT><B>EN 742</B>
<DD>A standard for the contacts for cards and devices used in Europe. New editions specify the format used for the GSM subscriber identity module (SIM).
<DT><B>EP or E-purse (electronic purse)</B>
<DD>A smart card that stores small amounts of currency, usually less than $1,000. Some electronic purses can be reloaded; some cannot and are discarded when empty.
<DT><B>ESCAT (European Smart Card Application and Technology)</B>
<DD>A smart card convention held annually at the beginning of September.
<DT><B>ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute)</B>
<DD>A European standards body.
<DT><B>FIPS 140-1</B>
<DD>A U.S. federal standard titled &#147;Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules&#148; that concerns physical security of smart cards when used as cryptographic devices. For more information, go to <A HREF="../../../csrc.ncsl. nist.gov/fips/fips140-1.txt">http://csrc.ncsl. nist.gov/fips/fips140-1.txt</A>.
<DT><B>FLASH</B>
<DD>A type of nonvolatile memory that can be written much faster than EEPROM memory. Although usually written in all capital letters, FLASH is not an acronym, but rather refers to fact that the memory can be bulk erased (that is, electronically &#147;flashed&#148; as PROM memory of yore was flashed with UV light).
<DT><B>FRAM (ferroelectric memory)</B>
<DD>A type of nonvolatile memory based on electric field orientation with nearly an infinite write capability as opposed to normal EEPROM memory, which can only be written approximately 10,000 times.
<DT><B>FSCUG (federal smart card users group)</B>
<DD>A U.S. government smart card users group which promulgates standards and specifications for the use of smart cards in government data-processing functions.
<DT><B>GND</B>
<DD>The ground contact or pad on a smart card module.
<DT><B>Gr&#246;ttrupp, Helmut</B>
<DD>The German co-inventor of the smart card in 1968. <I>See also</I> Dethloff, J&#252;rgen.
<DT><B>GSCAS (Global Smart Card Advisory Service)</B>
<DD>A smart card consulting service. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.gscas.com">www.gscas.com</A>.
<DT><B>GSM (Groupe Sp&#233;cial Mobile or Global Service for Mobile Communications)</B>
<DD>A European cellular telephone standard. GSM telephones use smart cards called SIM cards to store subscriber account information.
<DT><B>handshake</B>
<DD>A protocol between two devices, such as a smart card and a personal computer, to establish a common dialog.
<DT><B>hard mask</B>
<DD><I>See</I> mask.
<DT><B>hash</B>
<DD>A string of bytes of a fixed length that is effectively a unique representation of a longer document. <I>Effectively unique</I> means that it is difficult to find another document that produces the same hash value and that any slight change in the long document will produce a different hash value.
<DT><B>hybrid card</B>
<DD>A smart card that can function as more than one kind of card&#151;for example, a smart card that can function as both a contact and a contactless card. Or, a smart card that also has a magnetic stripe or a barcode.
<DT><B>I/O (input/output)</B>
<DD>The input/ouput contact or pad on a smart card module though which messages are passed to and received from the microprocessor in the card.
<DT><B>IC (integrated circuit)</B>
<DD>A small electronic device made from metallic and semiconductor materials that contains all the functional components and connections of the circuit, integrated into a single device package.
<DT><B>ICC (integrated circuit card)</B>
<DD>Another name for a smart card.
<DT><B>ICMA (International Card Manufacturers Association Suite)</B>
<DD>A smart card industry trade association. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.icma.com">www.icma.com</A>.
<DT><B>IDEA</B>
<DD> A cryptographic algorithm commonly thought of as the European equivalent of DES.
<DT><B>IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)</B>
<DD> An international standards body based in Geneva, Switzerland.
<DT><B>IFD (interface device)</B>
<DD>Another name for a smart card reader.
<DT><B>induced error attack</B>
<DD>An attack on a smart card&#146;s security system that causes the CPU to perform erroneous calculations; errors are induced in the smart card&#146;s CPU by subjecting the card to unusual environmental conditions such as temperature, voltage, microwaves, radiation, and so on.
<DT><B>initial bit</B>
<DD>The first bit of a string of bits presented to an input device. The device will group the series into blocks of, say, 8 bits to make a byte string. It is important to specify if the initial bit is the highest or lowest bit in its byte.
<DT><B>initialization</B>
<DD>The process during which the basic data that is common to all chip cards in a manufacturing batch is loaded into the chip.
<DT><B>INS</B>
<DD>The second field of an ISO 7816-4 smart card command, which contains the instruction to be executed by the smart card.
<DT><B>intelligent memory card</B>
<DD>A memory card that contains some additional features&#151;typically security features&#151;which limit access to the memory.
<DT><B>inverse convention</B>
<DD>A communication convention wherein signal-positive is to be interpreted as 0 and signal-zero is to be interpreted as 1; this is the inverse of the usual translation of these states into binary digits.
<DT><B>ISO (International Standards Organization)</B>
<DD>The penultimate technical standards body based in Geneva, Switzerland. With representation on its working committees from almost all countries, the ISO defines technical standards for worldwide interoperability of hardware and software. For more information, go to <A HREF="http://library.cs.tuiasi.ro/hardware/smart-card-developer-kit/www.iso.org">www.iso.org</A>.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 4909</B>
<DD>The ISO standard for magnetic card format for electronic banking data. Some smart cards have magnetic strips on them and others support magnetic stripe communication protocols.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 7810</B>
<DD>The ISO standard for the physical characteristics of an identification card.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 7811</B>
<DD>The ISO standard for identification card recording techniques.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 7812</B>
<DD>The ISO standard encoding for identifying issuers of financial smart cards.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 7813</B>
<DD>The ISO standard that defines the specifics of financial transaction identification cards.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 7816</B>
<DD>The basic set of international standards covering smart cards. There are currently six parts to the ISO 7816 standard:
<DL>
<DD><B>Part 1</B>&#151;Defines the physical characteristics of the card.
<DD><B>Part 2</B>&#151;Defines the dimensions and location of contacts on the card. It also prescribes the meaning of each contact.
<DD><B>Part 3</B>&#151;Defines the electronic signals and transmission protocols required as specified in Part 2.
<DD><B>Part 4</B>&#151;Defines the commands to read, write, and update data.
<DD><B>Part 5</B>&#151;Defines application identifiers (AIDs).
<DD><B>Part 6</B>&#151;Defines data encoding rules for applications.
</DL>
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 8583</B>
<DD>The ISO standard for financial transaction messages.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 9992</B>
<DD>The ISO standard that describes the method of communication between card and reader for financial transaction cards.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 10181-3</B>
<DD>The ISO standard for access control.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 10202</B>
<DD>The ISO standard for the architecture of the systems that utilize financial transaction cards.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 10373</B>
<DD>The ISO standard for testing smart cards.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC 10536</B>
<DD>The basic ISO standard for contactless smart cards.
<DT><B>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC17</B>
<DD>The ISO standing committee responsible for smart card standards. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.iso.ch/meme/jtc1sc17.html">www.iso.ch/meme/JTC1SC17.html</A>.
<DT><B>issuer</B>
<DD>The institution or organization that creates, provides, and typically owns a smart card.
<DT><B>Java Card</B>
<DD>A smart card that includes a Java interpreter in its operating system. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.javasoft.com">www.javasoft.com</A>.
<DT><B>Java Card Forum</B>
<DD>An organization of smart card manufacturers that offer Java smart cards. For more information, go to <A HREF="http://library.cs.tuiasi.ro/hardware/smart-card-developer-kit/www.javacardforum.org">www.javacardforum.org</A>.
<DT><B>KLOC</B>
<DD>One thousand lines of code.
<DT><B>layout</B>
<DD>The organization of dedicated and elementary files in the smart card&#146;s EEPROM.
<DT><B>linear file</B>
<DD>A type of file in an ISO 7816-4 smart card file system that contains records. The records in a linear file may be fixed length or variable length.
<DT><B>loyalty program</B>
<DD>A product-marketing scheme that entices customers to purchase the product repeatedly by offering rewards based on the frequency of purchase. Also known as frequent buyer programs or, from its airline origin, frequent flyer programs.
<DT><B>MAC (message authentication code)</B>
<DD>A cryptographic checksum used to detect whether text of or data in the message has been modified.
<DT><B>MAOS (multiapplication operating system)</B>
<DD>A smart card operation system licensed by MAOSCO that is also known as MULTOS. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.multos.com">www.multos.com</A>.
<DT><B>mask</B>
<DD>The program written into a smart card chip&#146;s ROM during its manufacture; typically, the smart card&#146;s operating system and manufacturer&#146;s data.
<DT><B>memory card</B>
<DD>A plastic card with a simple memory chip with read and write capability.
<DT><B>memory chipcard</B>
<DD>A memory card in which access to the data in the EEPROM is controlled by security logic. <I>See also</I> intelligent memory card.
<DT><B>MF (master file)</B>
<DD>The root directory of a smart card&#146;s file system. An MF can contain dedicated files (other directories) and elementary files (data files). The master file on an ISO 7816-compliant smart card has the file identifier 3F00<SUB>16</SUB>.
<DT><B>MFC (multifunction card)</B>
<DD>A smart card that contains more than one application.
<DT><B>MIP</B>
<DD>Million instructions per second.
<DT><B>module</B>
<DD>The metal carrier into which a smart card chip is placed before it is embedded into a plastic body to make a smart card. The module provides mechanical protection for the chip and contains the contacts or pads that a smart card reader connects to in order to activate and communicate with the chip.
<DT><B>MONDEX</B>
<DD>A smart card operating system developed by NatWest in the UK and also an e-cash smart card that supports direct transfer of value from one card to another. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.mondex.com">www.mondex.com</A>.
<DT><B>Montgomery multiplication</B>
<DD>An efficient way to do binary multiplication based on shifting and adding. Montgomery multiplication is particularly useful in multiplying the arbitrarily large integers used in some cryptographic algorithms on the 8-bit microcontroller in a smart card.
<DT><B>Mor&#233;no, Roland</B>
<DD>The French journalist who received a patent on smart cards in 1974.
<DT><B>mother card</B>
<DD>A smart card holding a transport key and used to unlock all the cards in a batch or shipment of cards. <I>See also</I> batch card, daughter card.
<DT><B>MULTOS</B>
<DD>The multiapplication smart card operating system on the MONDEX card and licensable from MAOSCO to be the foundation for any multiapplication smart card. For more information, go to <A HREF="www.multos.com">www.multos.com</A>.
<DT><B>NACCU (National Association of Campus Card Users)</B>
<DD>A North American smart card industry group. For more information, go to <A HREF="http://library.cs.tuiasi.ro/hardware/smart-card-developer-kit/www.naccu.org">www.naccu.org</A>.
<DT><B>NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology)</B>
<DD>An American standards body particularly for the use of information-processing technology by the Federal government. For more information, go to <A HREF="http://library.cs.tuiasi.ro/hardware/smart-card-developer-kit/www.nist.gov">www.nist.gov</A>.
<DT><B>NVM (nonvolatile memory)</B>
<DD>A generic term for the memory in a smart card that can be written but still holds its contents after power has been removed; PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FLASH, and FRAM are examples of NVM.
<DT><B>offline</B>
<DD>The state in which a smart card is not connected to a computer network and must rely on the information stored in its own file system; for example, to approve or deny a transaction.
<DT><B>online</B>
<DD>The state in which a smart card is connected to a computer network and can be instructed to, for example, accept or deny a transaction based on information it sends to computers on the network.
<DT><B>optical card</B>
<DD>A memory card that can be written once but read many times and can hold between 1 MB and 40 MB of data. Reading and writing use laser optical technology.