text.html

CSS lets learn this step by step...

<P>The next example will place a shadow to the right and below
the element's text. The shadow will have a 5px blur radius and will be
red.

<PRE>
H2 { text-shadow: 3px 3px 5px red }
</PRE>

<P>The next example specifies a list of shadow effects. The first
shadow will be to the right and below the element's text and will be
red with no blurring. The second shadow will overlay the first shadow
effect, and it will be yellow, blurred, and placed to the left and
below the text. The third shadow effect will be placed to the right
and above the text. Since no shadow color is specified for the third
shadow effect, the value of the element's <a href="colors.html#propdef-color" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-color">'color'</span></a>
property will be used:</p>

<PRE>
H2 { text-shadow: 3px 3px red, yellow -3px 3px 2px, 3px -3px }
</PRE>

</DIV>

<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P>
<P>Consider this example:

<PRE>
SPAN.glow { 
    background: white; 
    color: white;
    text-shadow: black 0px 0px 5px;
}
</PRE>

<P>Here, the <a href="colors.html#propdef-background" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-background">'background'</span></a> and
<a href="colors.html#propdef-color" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-color">'color'</span></a> properties have the same
value and the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-shadow" class="noxref"><span class="propinst-text-shadow">'text-shadow'</span></a>
property is used to create a "solar eclipse" effect:</p>

<P><IMG SRC="images/eclipse-outline.gif" alt="Solar eclipse effect"><SPAN class="dlink">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A name="img-eclipse-outline" href="images/longdesc/eclipse-outline-desc.html" title="Long description of text shadow example">[D]</A></SPAN></p>
</DIV>

<div class="note"><P>
<em><strong>Note.</strong>
This property is not defined in CSS1. Some shadow
effects (such as the one in the last example) may render text
invisible in UAs that only support CSS1.
</em>
</div>

<H2>16.4 <a name="spacing-props">Letter and word spacing</a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-letter-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-letter-spacing">'letter-spacing'</span></a> and <a href="text.html#propdef-word-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-word-spacing">'word-spacing'</span></a> properties</H2>

<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'letter-spacing'"><a name="propdef-letter-spacing" class="propdef-title"><strong>'letter-spacing'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>normal | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length">&lt;length&gt;</span></a> | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>normal
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
</table>
</dl>
</div>


<P>This property specifies spacing behavior between
text characters. Values have the following meanings:</P>

<dl>
<dt><strong>normal</strong>
<dd>The spacing is the normal spacing for the current font.
This value allows the user agent to alter the space
between characters in order to justify text.
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="&lt;length&gt;"><a name="x10" href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-length"><strong>&lt;length&gt;</strong></span></a></span>
<dd>This value indicates inter-character space <em>in
addition to</em> the default space between
characters.  Values may be negative, but there may be
implementation-specific limits. 
User agents may not further increase or decrease the inter-character
space in order to justify text.
</dl>

<P>Character spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent.  Character
spacing may also be influenced by justification (see the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span></a> property).

<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><P>
In this example, the space between characters in
BLOCKQUOTE elements is increased by '0.1em'.

<PRE>
BLOCKQUOTE { letter-spacing: 0.1em }
</PRE>

<P>In the following example, the user agent is not permitted
to alter inter-character space:</p>

<PRE>
BLOCKQUOTE { letter-spacing: 0cm }   /* Same as '0' */
</PRE>
</div>

<P> When the resultant space between two characters is not the same as
the default space, user agents should not use 
<a name="x11"><span class="index-inst" title="ligatures">ligatures.</span></a>

<P><span class="index-inst" title="conformance"><a name="x12"
href="conform.html#conformance">Conforming  user agents</a></span>
may consider the value of the <a href="text.html#propdef-letter-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-letter-spacing">'letter-spacing'</span></a> property to be
'normal'.

<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'word-spacing'"><a name="propdef-word-spacing" class="propdef-title"><strong>'word-spacing'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>normal | <a href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-length">&lt;length&gt;</span></a> | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>normal
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
</table>
</dl>
</div>


<P>This property specifies spacing behavior between words.
Values have the following meanings:</p>

<dl>
<dt><strong>normal</strong>
<dd>The normal inter-word space, as defined by the current font and/or
the UA.
<dt><span class="index-inst" title="&lt;length&gt;"><a name="x14" href="syndata.html#value-def-length" class="noxref"><span
class="value-inst-length"><strong>&lt;length&gt;</strong></span></a></span>
<dd>This value indicates inter-word space <em>in
addition to</em> the default space between
words.  Values may be negative, but there may be
implementation-specific limits. 
</dl>

<P>Word spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent.  Word spacing is
also influenced by justification (see the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-align" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-align">'text-align'</span></a> property).

<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><P>
In this example, the word-spacing between each word in H1 elements is
increased by '1em'.

<PRE>
H1 { word-spacing: 1em }
</PRE>
</div>

<P><span class="index-inst" title="conformance"><a name="x15"
href="conform.html#conformance">Conforming  user agents</a></span> may
consider the value of the <a href="text.html#propdef-word-spacing" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-word-spacing">'word-spacing'</span></a> property to be
'normal'.



<H2>16.5 <a name="caps-prop">Capitalization</a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-text-transform" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-transform">'text-transform'</span></a> property</H2>

<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'text-transform'"><a name="propdef-text-transform" class="propdef-title"><strong>'text-transform'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>capitalize | uppercase | lowercase | none | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>none
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>all elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
</table>
</dl>
</div>


<P>This property controls capitalization effects of
an element's text. Values have the following meanings:</p>

<DL>
  <DT><strong>capitalize</strong>
  <DD>Puts the first character of each word in uppercase.
  <DT><strong>uppercase</strong>
  <DD>Puts all characters of each word in uppercase.
  <DT><strong>lowercase</strong>
  <DD>Puts all characters of each word in lowercase.
  <DT><strong>none</strong>
  <DD>No capitalization effects.
</DL>

<P> The actual transformation in each case is written language
dependent. See RFC 2070 (<a href="refs.html#ref-RFC2070" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="normref">[RFC2070]</span></a>) for ways to find the language of
an element.

<P><span class="index-inst" title="conformance"><a name="x17"
href="conform.html#conformance">Conforming  user agents</a></span>
may consider the value of <a href="text.html#propdef-text-transform" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-text-transform">'text-transform'</span></a> to be 'none'
for characters that are not from the Latin-1 repertoire and for
elements in languages for which the transformation is different from
that specified by the case-conversion tables of ISO 10646
(<a href="refs.html#ref-ISO10646" rel="biblioentry" class="noxref"><span class="normref">[ISO10646]</span></a>).

<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><P>
In this example, all text in an H1 element is transformed to uppercase
text.
<PRE>
H1 { text-transform: uppercase }
</PRE>
</div>

<H2>16.6 <a name="white-space-prop">Whitespace</a>: the <a href="text.html#propdef-white-space" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-white-space">'white-space'</span></a> property</H2>

<div class="propdef">
<dl><dt>
<span class="index-def" title="'white-space'"><a name="propdef-white-space" class="propdef-title"><strong>'white-space'</strong></a></span>
<dd>
<table class="propinfo" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Value:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>normal | pre | nowrap | <a href="cascade.html#value-def-inherit" class="noxref"><span class="value-inst-inherit">inherit</span></a>
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Initial:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>normal
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Applies to:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>block-level elements
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Inherited:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>yes
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Percentages:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>N/A
<tr valign=baseline><td><em>Media:</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td><a href="media.html#visual-media-group" class="noxref">visual</a>
</table>
</dl>
</div>


<P> This property declares how <a
href="syndata.html#whitespace">whitespace</a> inside the element is
handled. Values have the following meanings:</P>



<dl>
<dt><strong>normal</strong>
<dd>This value directs user agents to collapse sequences
of whitespace, and break lines as necessary to fill line boxes.
Additional line breaks may be created by occurrences of "\A" in
generated content (e.g., for the BR element in HTML).
<dt><strong>pre</strong>
<dd>This value prevents user agents from collapsing sequences
of whitespace. Lines are only broken at newlines in the source, or
at occurrences of "\A" in generated content.
<dt><strong>nowrap</strong>
<dd>This value collapses whitespace as for 'normal', but suppresses
line breaks within text except for those created by "\A" in generated
content (e.g., for the BR element in HTML).
</dl>

<div class="example"><P style="display:none">Example(s):</P><P> The following examples show what <a
href="syndata.html#whitespace">whitespace</a> behavior is expected
from the PRE and P elements, and the "nowrap" attribute in HTML.
<PRE>
PRE        { white-space: pre }
P          { white-space: normal }
TD[nowrap] { white-space: nowrap }
</PRE>
</div>

<P><span class="index-inst" title="conformance"><a name="x19"
href="conform.html#conformance">Conforming  user agents</a></span> 
may <span class="index-inst" title="ignore"><a name="x20"
href="syndata.html#ignore">ignore</a></span> the <a href="text.html#propdef-white-space" class="noxref"><span
class="propinst-white-space">'white-space'</span></a> property in author
and user style sheets but must specify a value for it in the default
style sheet.

<hr class="navbar">

<div class="navbar" align="center">
<p><a href="fonts.html">previous</a> &nbsp;
<a href="tables.html">next</a> &nbsp;
<a href="cover.html#minitoc">contents</a> &nbsp;
<a href="propidx.html">properties</a> &nbsp;
<a href="indexlist.html">index</a> &nbsp;
</div>
</BODY>
</HTML>