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<META NAME="Author" Content="Steph Mineart">
<TITLE>Managing Multivendor Networks -- Ch 4 -- International Business Machines</TITLE>
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<FONT COLOR="#000077">Managing Multivendor Networks</FONT></H1>
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<H1><FONT COLOR="#000077">- 4 -<BR>
International Business Machines</FONT></H1>
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<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading1">Company Background</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading2">Product Line Overview</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading3">PowerPC</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading4">IBM Terminals</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading5">Personal Computers</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading6">Engineering Workstations</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading7">Midrange Offerings</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading8">Top-end Offerings</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading9">Strategy for Connectivity</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading10">APPN (Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking)</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading11">High-Speed Networking</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading12">Application/User Relationship</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading13">Terminal Attachment Philosophy</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading14">Peer-to-Peer Relationships</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading15">PC Integration Strategy</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading16">Office Automation</A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading17">Network Architecture</A>
<LI><A HREF="#Heading18">Storage</A>
</UL>
<P>
<HR SIZE="4">
</P>
<H2><A NAME="Heading1"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Company Background</FONT></H2>
<P>BM's origin is rooted in a company that incorporated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording
Company. Tom Watson acquired this company in 1914. Ten years later, in 1924, Watson
opened a new chapter in the history of corporate America when he changed the name
of his business automation company to International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation.</P>
<P>During its early years (1920 through the 1940s), the company produced and marketed
a variety of office automation equipment such as punch-card tabulators and electric
typewriters. In 1964, IBM released a computer that was destined to become the definition
of a mainframe system--the IBM System/360. The System/360 was actually a third-generation
computer, and the hardware/software design that enabled it to handle multiple tasks
(programs) concurrently set new standards in the emerging computer industry.</P>
<P>IBM released the System/370 computer in 1970 as a follow-up to the System/360.
Improvements in the mem-ory and storage devices, coupled with a multiprocess- ing
hardware architecture, enabled the System/370 to offer substantial performance improvements
over its predecessor. The System/370's popularity continued where the System/360
left off, spawning two additional lines: the 9370, a scaled-down System/370 released
in 1986; and the System/390, the ultramodern mainframe architecture released in 1990.</P>
<P>Even though IBM achieved market dominance on the high (mainframe) end of the market,
it continued to expand its overall computer line to provide midrange and low-end
solutions. In the midrange, small business market, IBM offered a series of computers,
with the best known models of this era being the System/38 (released in 1978) and
the System/36 (released in 1983). Then, in 1988, IBM released its Application System/400
(AS/400) computer.</P>
<P>In the low-end of the market, IBM set most of the standards for today's PCs. The
success of the PC led IBM to develop and release the PC/XT (short for Extended Technology)
in 1983 and the PC/AT (short for Advanced Technology) in 1984. These models, in turn,
were replaced with the Personal System/2 (PS/2) line (introduced in 1987) and the
Personal System/1 (PS/1) line (released in 1990).
<H2><A NAME="Heading2"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Product Line Overview</FONT></H2>
<P>IBM manufactures its own products in various plants around the globe and also
has agreements with other companies to produce products for them. IBM is the largest
U.S. computer manufacturer, measured by both sales and output. It not only produces
computers, but also designs and manufactures terminals, printers, disk drives and
more.
<H3><A NAME="Heading3"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">PowerPC</FONT></H3>
<P>The RISC-based PowerPC platform is deployed throughout the IBM product family,
from laptops to parallel processing supercomputers. PowerPC, an open standard, is
the result of an alliance between Apple, IBM, and Motorola, and is not tied to any
single operating system or hardware configuration. The PowerPC family contains multiple
execution units for symmetrical superscalar operation, cache memory, and a multiprocessing
interface.</P>
<P>The PowerPC architecture is based on reduced instruction set computing (RISC)
technology. RISC differs substantially from complex instruction set computing (CISC),
which is typically used in lower-end machines. In releasing its PowerPC product line,
however, IBM is one of the first vendors to offer RISC-based PCs. The difference
between CISC and RISC is that CISC processors contain several instructions to handle
a variety of processing tasks; RISC processors contain only those instructions that
are used most often, and when a complex instruction is required, the RISC processor
will build it from a combination of its basic instructions.</P>
<P>IBM has also introduced its new line of PC 300 Pentium Pro systems, running at
speeds of up to 200 MHz. The availability of the PC 330 and PC 350 might actually
reflect an eventual shift away from the PowerPC platform. The systems can run Microsoftís
Windows 95 or IBMís own Warp Connect operating system, and are well-suited for
power-hungry multimedia applications.</P>
<P>Before the PowerPC architecture was designed, RISC designs were used only in high-end
engineering workstations and servers. IBM and the PowerPC Alliance, however, hold
the view that RISC technology is the next step in personal computing.</P>
<P>The alliance designed the first four members of the PowerPC family simultaneously.
These four processors include the following:
<UL>
<LI><I>PowerPC 601.</I> A 32-bit implementation that provides high performance for
computer systems.<BR>
<BR>
<LI><I>PowerPC 602.</I> A lower-power implementation of the PowerPC architecture,
meant for use in home entertainment or commercial business devices.<BR>
<BR>
<LI><I>PowerPC 603 and 603e.</I> Also low-power implementations, used in desktop
computers and entry-level systems.<BR>
<BR>
<LI><I>PowerPC 604 and 604e.</I> 32-bit implementations used in high-end workstations
and SMP computer systems. The 604 and 604e are software- and bus-compatible with
the 601 and 603 and 603e microprocessors.
</UL>
<P>The PowerPC Platform (PowerPC Microprocessor Common Hardware Reference Platform)
is a set of specifications that defines a unified personal computer, combining the
advantages of the Power Macintosh and the PC environment. Computers made to this
open standard can run operating systems from either Apple, Microsoft, Novell, or
SunSoft. The PowerPC Platform is an open reference architecture that is publicly
available.
<H3><A NAME="Heading4"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">IBM Terminals</FONT></H3>
<P>IBM has two mainstream terminal lines--one for the mainframe (System/390-architecture)
computers and one for the midrange (System/3X-related) computers. The mainframe terminal
line comprises the 3270 family of devices. The midrange computers, on the other hand,
normally use the 5250 line of terminals.</P>
<P>Both terminals share a block orientation that lets the operator enter information
into fields and correct the data at the terminal before transmitting it to the mainframe.
Both terminals have models that support wide text (132 columns) and graphics displays.
They also share a general connectivity philosophy that supports the attachment of
multiple terminals to a computer using one or more lines (the connectivity aspect
of IBM terminals will be addressed later in this chapter).</P>
<P>The 3270 family of terminals includes the 3178, 3270 PC, 3276, 3277, 3278, and
3279 color terminal. The 3270 family supports two types of function keys. One type
is referred to as the Program Attention (PA) keys, and the other is the more standard
Program Function (PF) keys. The 3270 family supports up to four PA keys (PA1 through
PA4) and up to 24 PF keys (PF1 through PF24). Please note, however, that a variety
of keyboards are available for each 3270 model, and some do not contain all 24 function
keys.</P>
<P>The 5250 family is the terminal of choice for the System/36, System/38 and AS/400
systems (although they also have special provisions for supporting 3270 terminals).
The modern 5250 family is composed of the 5251, 5291, 5292 (color), 3197 (color),
3180, and the 3196 terminals.</P>
<P>In contrast to the 3270's support of PA and PF keys, the 5250 family supports
up to 24 Command Function (CF) keys. Please note, however, that different keyboards
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