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   Another problem noticed, while testing the affects of slow start over
   a satellite link, was at times, the retransmission timer was set so
   restrictive, that milliseconds before a naked packet's ack is
   received the retransmission timer would go off due to a timed packet
   within the send window.  The timer was set at the round trip delay of
   the network allowing no time for packet processing.  If this timer
   went off due to congestion then backing off is the right thing to do,
   otherwise to avoid the scenario discovered by experimentation, the
   transmit timer should be set a little longer so that the
   retransmission timer does not go off too early.  Care must be taken
   to make sure the right thing is done in the implementation in
   question so that a packet isn't retransmitted too soon, and blamed on
   congestion when in fact, the ack is on its way.




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RFC 1106             TCP Big Window and Nak Options            June 1989


4.3  Duplicate Acks

   Another problem found with the 4.3bsd implementation is in the area
   of duplicate acks.  When the sender of data receives a certain number
   of acks (3 in the current Berkeley release) that acknowledge
   previously acked data before, it then assumes that a packet has been
   lost and will resend the one packet assumed lost, and close its send
   window as if the network is congested and the slow start algorithm
   mention above will be used to open the send window.  This facility is
   no longer needed since the sender can use the reception of a nak as
   its indicator that a particular packet was dropped.  If the nak
   packet is lost then the retransmit timer will go off and the packet
   will be retransmitted by normal means.  If a senders algorithm
   continues to count duplicate acks the sender will find itself
   possibly receiving many duplicate acks after it has already resent
   the packet due to a nak being received because of the large size of
   the data pipe.  By receiving all of these duplicate acks the sender
   may find itself doing nothing but resending the same packet of data
   unnecessarily while keeping the send window closed for absolutely no
   reason.  By removing this feature of the implementation a user can
   expect to find a satellite connection working much better in the face
   of errors and other connections should not see any performance loss,
   but a slight improvement in performance if anything at all.

5.  Conclusion

   This paper has described two new options that if used will make TCP a
   more efficient protocol in the face of errors and a more efficient
   protocol over networks that have a high bandwidth*delay product
   without decreasing performance over more common networks.  If a
   system that implements the options talks with one that does not, the
   two systems should still be able to communicate with no problems.
   This assumes that the system doesn't use the option numbers defined
   in this paper in some other way or doesn't panic when faced with an
   option that the machine does not implement.  Currently at NASA, there
   are many machines that do not implement either option and communicate
   just fine with the systems that do implement them.

   The drive for implementing big windows has been the direct result of
   trying to make TCP more efficient over large delay networks [2,3,4,5]
   such as a T1 satellite.  However, another practical use of large
   windows is becoming more apparent as the local area networks being
   developed are becoming faster and supporting much larger MTU's.
   Hyperchannel, for instances, has been stated to be able to support 1
   Mega bit MTU's in their new line of products.  With the current
   implementation of TCP, efficient use of hyperchannel is not utilized
   as it should because the physical mediums MTU is larger than the
   maximum window of the protocol being used.  By increasing the TCP



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RFC 1106             TCP Big Window and Nak Options            June 1989


   window size, better utilization of networks like hyperchannel will be
   gained instantly because the sender can send 64 Kbyte packets (IP
   limitation) but not have to operate in a stop and wait fashion.
   Future work is being started to increase the IP maximum datagram size
   so that even better utilization of fast local area networks will be
   seen by having the TCP/IP protocols being able to send large packets
   over mediums with very large MTUs.  This will hopefully, eliminate
   the network protocol as the bottleneck in data transfers while
   workstations and workstation file system technology advances even
   more so, than it already has.

   An area of concern when using the big window mechanism is the use of
   machine resources.  When running over a satellite and a packet is
   dropped such that 2Z (where Z is the round trip delay) worth of data
   is unacknowledged, both ends of the connection need to be able to
   buffer the data using machine mbufs (or whatever mechanism the
   machine uses), usually a valuable and scarce commodity.  If the
   window size is not chosen properly, some machines will crash when the
   memory is all used up, or it will keep other parts of the system from
   running.  Thus, setting the window to some fairly large arbitrary
   number is not a good idea, especially on a general purpose machine
   where many users log on at any time.  What is currently being
   engineered at NASA is the ability for certain programs to use the
   setsockopt feature or 4.3bsd asking to use big windows such that the
   average user may not have access to the large windows, thus limiting
   the use of big windows to applications that absolutely need them and
   to protect a valuable system resource.

6.  References

  [1]  Jacobson, V., "Congestion Avoidance and Control", SIGCOMM 88,
       Stanford, Ca., August 1988.

  [2]  Jacobson, V., and R. Braden, "TCP Extensions for Long-Delay
       Paths", LBL, USC/Information Sciences Institute, RFC 1072,
       October 1988.

  [3]  Cheriton, D., "VMTP: Versatile Message Transaction Protocol", RFC
       1045, Stanford University, February 1988.

  [4]  Clark, D., M. Lambert, and L. Zhang, "NETBLT: A Bulk Data
       Transfer Protocol", RFC 998, MIT, March 1987.

  [5]  Fox, R., "Draft of Proposed Solution for High Delay Circuit File
       Transfer", GE/NAS Internal Document, March 1988.

  [6]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol -  DARPA Internet
       Program Protocol Specification",  RFC 793, DARPA, September 1981.



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RFC 1106             TCP Big Window and Nak Options            June 1989


  [7]  Leiner, B., "Critical Issues in High Bandwidth Networking", RFC
       1077, DARPA, November 1989.

7.  Appendix

   Both options have been implemented and tested.  Contained in this
   section is some performance gathered to support the use of these two
   options.  The satellite channel used was a 1.544 Mbit link with a
   580ms round trip delay.  All values are given as units of bytes.


   TCP with Big Windows, No Naks:


               |---------------transfer rates----------------------|
   Window Size |  no error  |  10e-7 error rate | 10e-6 error rate |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     64K       |   94K      |      53K          |      14K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     72K       |   106K     |      51K          |      15K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     80K       |   115K     |      42K          |      14K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     92K       |   115K     |      43K          |      14K         |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------
     100K      |   135K     |      66K          |      15K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     112K      |   126K     |      53K          |      17K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     124K      |   154K     |      45K          |      14K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     136K      |   160K     |      66K          |      15K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     156K      |   167K     |      45K          |      14K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                Figure 1.















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RFC 1106             TCP Big Window and Nak Options            June 1989


   TCP with Big Windows, and Naks:


               |---------------transfer rates----------------------|
   Window Size |  no error  |  10e-7 error rate | 10e-6 error rate |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     64K       |   95K      |      83K          |      43K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     72K       |   104K     |      87K          |      49K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     80K       |   117K     |      96K          |      62K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     92K       |   124K     |      119K         |      39K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     100K      |   140K     |      124K         |      35K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     112K      |   151K     |      126K         |      53K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     124K      |   160K     |      140K         |      36K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     136K      |   167K     |      148K         |      38K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
     156K      |   167K     |      160K         |      38K         |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                Figure 2.

   With a 10e-6 error rate, many naks as well as data packets were
   dropped, causing the wild swing in transfer times.  Also, please note
   that the machines used are SGI Iris 2500 Turbos with the 3.6 OS with
   the new TCP enhancements.  The performance associated with the Irises
   are slower than a Sun 3/260, but due to some source code restrictions
   the Iris was used.  Initial results on the Sun showed slightly higher
   performance and less variance.

Author's Address

   Richard Fox
   950 Linden #208
   Sunnyvale, Cal, 94086

   EMail: [e-mail]










Fox                                                            [Page 13]